8月31日发生过什么？

After a sudden gastric illness, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty

Theodora Porphyrogenita (Greek: Θεοδώρα Πορφυρογέννητη, romanized: Theodṓra Porphyrogénnētē; c. 980 – 31 August 1056) was the reigning Byzantine Empress from 21 April 1042 to her death on 31 August 1056, and sole ruler from 11 January 1055. She was the last sovereign of the Macedonian dynasty, which had ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost 200 years. Theodora was the youngest daughter of Emperor Constantine VIII.

Angevin invasion of Sicily

The Angevin invasion of Sicily (1298–1302) was a military campaign launched against the Kingdom of Sicily by an alliance of the Angevin Kingdom of Naples, the Crown of Aragon, and the papacy during the War of the Sicilian Vespers. Fought in the final years of the 20-year long war, the campaign saw the alliance make some territorial gains on the island before ultimately withdrawing in the face of Sicilian resistance.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Italy

1420 Caldera earthquake

The 1420 Caldera earthquake was a pre-Columbian earthquake that shook the southern portion of Atacama Desert in the early morning of 31 August 1420 and caused tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and the towns of Japan. The earthquake is thought to have had a size of 8.8–9.4 Mw. Historical records of the tsunami exist for the Japanese harbours of Kawarago and Aiga where confused residents saw the water recede in the morning of 1 September, without any sign of an earthquake. In Chile, rockfalls occurred along the coast as well, producing blocks of up to 40 tons that are now found inland.

Hawaii, United States · Chile

King Henry V of England dies of dysentery while in France and his son, Henry VI, becomes king at the age of nine months

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1413 until his death in 1422. His victory at Agincourt in 1415 and his conquest of Normandy gave England the upper hand in the Hundred Years' War and led, by the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, to his recognition as heir and regent of France.

Siege of Tartas

The siege of Tartas (31 August 1440 – 24 June 1442) in Gascony was an engagement between English and French forces in the late stages of the Hundred Years' War. It was undertaken by English forces and their Gascon subjects against Charles II of Albret, a powerful nobleman in southwestern France.

Under the influence of the Ottoman government, patriarch Symeon I convenes a synod of the Eastern Orthodox Churches in Constantinople which defines the ritual for admitting Catholics to the Eastern Orthodox Churches and condemns the church union of Ferrara-Florence

Symeon I of Constantinople (Greek: Συμεὼν ὁ Τραπεζούντιος; died autumn 1486) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople three times: for a short time in 1466, from 1471 to 1475 and from 1482 to 1486. In 1484 he presided over the Synod of Constantinople of 1484 which repudiated the Council of Florence.

Siege of Klis

The siege of Klis or Battle of Klis (Croatian: Opsada Klisa, Bitka kod Klisa, Turkish: Klise Kuşatması) was a siege of Klis Fortress in the Kingdom of Croatia within Habsburg monarchy. The siege of the fortress, which lasted for more than two decades, and the final battle near Klis in 1537, were fought as a part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars between the defending Croatian–Habsburg forces under the leadership of Croatian feudal lord Petar Kružić, and the attacking Ottoman army under the leadership of the Ottoman general Murat-beg Tardić.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Battle of Botkyrka

The Battle of Botkyrka was an incident where an army under Erik XIV and the Pontus De la Gardie, along with the dukes Charles and John met in Botkyrka in 1568 during the ongoing uprising against Erik XIV. It resulted in a victory for Erik, forcing the dukes to retreat.

Action off Bermuda (1585)

The action off Bermuda, also known as Grenville's action off the Bermuda's, was a minor naval engagement that took place off the island of Bermuda over three days in late August 1585 during the Anglo–Spanish War between an English galleass, Tiger, and a larger Spanish galleon, Santa Maria de San Vicente. Tiger was victorious when the Spanish ship surrendered after a severe bombardment.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Bermuda

Battle of Genevadsbro

The Battle of Genevadsbro (Swedish: Slaget vid Genevadsbro; Danish: Slaget ved Genevadsbro) also referred to as simply Battle of Genevad was fought between Danish forces besieging Laholm and a Swedish relief force 31 August 1657. The battle ended with a Swedish victory.

Halland, Sweden

Battle of Malatitze

The Battle of Molyatichi (Swedish: Malatitze), also known as the Battle of Dobroye, took place on August 31, 1708 at Molyatichi (present-day Belarus near the Russian border) during the Great Northern War. The Russian army of Peter the Great under the command of Mikhail Golitsyn successfully attacked the avatgarde of the Swedish Army of Charles XII under Carl Gustaf Roos. The fighting occurred in the swamp between the rivers Belaya Natopa and Chernaya Natopa. The Swedish forces were surprised by the Russian attack in the morning fog and withdrew to the main Swedish army.

Malyatsichy, Belarus

Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore

The Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore (Scottish Gaelic: Bliadhna nan Creach) ("The Year of the Pillaging") took place in the Scottish Highlands between 22 May and 31 August 1746 and were part of the closing operations of the British-Hanoverian Government to bring to an end the Jacobite rising of 1745.

1776 New Jersey gubernatorial election

The 1776 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on August 31, 1776, in order to elect the first Governor of New Jersey. Candidate and former Member of the New York General Assembly William Livingston was elected by the New Jersey General Assembly against his opponent candidate Richard Stockton.

New Jersey, United States

Siege of Veterani Cave

The siege of Veterani Cave was a military engagement during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791, which took place in August 1788 during the offensive of the Ottoman army of Yusuf Pasha in Banat. After 20 days of resistance, the Habsburg garrison surrendered to the Ottomans.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

War of the First Coalition: The British capture Trincomalee (present-day Sri Lanka) from the Dutch in order to keep it out of French hands

The War of the First Coalition (French: Guerre de la première coalition) was a set of wars between a coalition of several European powers and France fought from 1792 to 1797. The coalition was only loosely allied and fought without much coordination; each power wanted to annex a different part of France should they defeat the French, something that never occurred.

Irish Rebellion: Irish rebels, with French assistance, establish the short-lived Republic of Connacht

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Irish: Éirí Amach 1798; Ulster Scots: "The Turn Out"/"The Hurries") was a popular insurrection against the British Crown in what was then the separate, but subordinate, Kingdom of Ireland. The main organising force was the Society of United Irishmen. First formed in Belfast by Presbyterians opposed to the landed Anglican establishment, the Society, despairing of reform, sought to secure a republic through a revolutionary union with the country's Catholic majority.

Invasion of the Spice Islands

The invasion of the Spice Islands was a military invasion by British forces that took place between February and August 1810 on and around the Dutch owned Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) also known as the Spice Islands in the Dutch East Indies during the Napoleonic Wars. By 1810 the Kingdom of Holland was a vassal of Napoleonic France and Great Britain along with the East India Company sought to control the rich Dutch spice islands in the East Indies.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Battle of San Marcial

The Battle of San Marcial was a battle fought during the Peninsular War on 31 August 1813. The Spanish Army of Galicia, led by Manuel Freire, turned back Marshal Nicolas Soult's last major offensive against the army of Britain's Marquess of Wellington.

Spain

Battle of Caulk's Field

The Battle of Caulk's Field was fought during the War of 1812 in Kent County, Maryland, United States, between a small force commanded by Captain Sir Peter Parker of the Royal Navy and American militia forces commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Philip Reed. Parker, who was operating in the Chesapeake Bay region as part of the British campaign against Baltimore, Maryland, landed on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay to move against Reed's militia encampment.

United States

Capture of the schooner Bravo

The capture of the schooner Bravo was a naval battle fought in 1819 between United States Revenue Cutter Service cutters and one of Jean Lafitte's pirate ships. In early 1819, the two U.S. Revenue Cutters USRC Alabama and USRC Louisiana had just been constructed in New York City at a cost of $4,500 each.

United States

Battle of Trocadero

The Battle of Trocadero, fought on 31 August 1823, was the only significant battle in the French invasion of Spain. French forces defeated the Spanish liberal forces and restored the absolute rule of King Ferdinand VII.

Cádiz, Spain

Battle of Punta Malpelo

The Battle of Punta Malpelo was a naval encounter between a Peruvian corvette and two Gran Colombian vessels on 31 August 1828, near the port of Guayaquil, and was the first major combat of the Peruvian Navy as an independent force of the newborn Peruvian nation.

Third siege of Callao

The third siege of Callao was a siege that took place in 1838 during the War of the Confederation between the United Restoration Army, supported by the Chilean army and the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. The confederates defeated the restorationist forces, who then retreated to Huacho due to the advance of the confederate army led by Andrés de Santa Cruz.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Peru

Battle of Jonesborough

The Battle of Jonesborough (August 31 – September 1, 1864) was fought between Union Army forces led by William Tecumseh Sherman and Confederate forces under William J. Hardee during the Atlanta campaign in the American Civil War. On the first day, on orders from Army of Tennessee commander John Bell Hood, Hardee's troops attacked the Federals and were repulsed with heavy losses.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

August 1867 North German federal election

Elections to the Reichstag of the North German Confederation were held on 31 August 1867, with run-off elections during the following weeks. The National Liberal Party continued to serve as the largest party, winning 81 seats. These were both the first regular and also the last elections during the North German Confederation. In July 1870 the Reichstag members decided not to hold new elections during the Franco-Prussian War, in spite of the three-year election period.

Accession of Abdul Hamid II

Abdülhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی, romanized: Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī; Turkish: II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.

Battle of Sao del Indio

The Battle of El Indio Sao was a battle of the Cuban War of Independence which took place on the 31st of August 1895 in Oriente Province of Cuba.

Cuba

First Eastern Campaign

The First Eastern Campaign was a military campaign that took place between early May and late August 1895 in Oriente Province of Cuba, in the Cuban War of Independence.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Cuba

Battle of San Francisco de Malabon

The Battle of San Francisco De Malabon (Filipino: Labanan sa San Francisco De Malabon) was the first attack staged by revolutionaries in Cavite at 10 in the morning, August 31, 1896 near Pasong Kalabaw (Now known as Sta. Clara) and the town tribune. The uprising was fought by Magdiwang faction of the Katipunan led by Diego Mojica which signaled the start of the revolution in Cavite.

Philippines

Kawit revolt

The Kawit revolt was a short skirmish in the beginning of the revolution in Cavite. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, The First President of the Philippines, led some 400 men to the town hall of Kawit, guarded by a few Guardia Civil there. A few days after the revolt, Aguinaldo marched to Imus to meet the enemy in one of the great battles of the revolution.

Philippines

Anglo-Russian Convention

The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was a treaty signed between United Kingdom and the Russian Empire on 31 August 1907 in Saint Petersburg. It marked the end of the "Great Game" in Central Asia, where a longstanding rivalry had ensued between the two European colonial empires. The treaty also furthered the Anglo-Russian interest to outflank the German Empire, which was threatening to establish a railroad from Berlin to Baghdad and align with the weakened Ottoman Empire.

Saint Petersburg, Russia

First Battle of Garua

The First Battle of Garua took place from 29 to 31 August 1914 during the Kamerun campaign of the First World War between German and invading British forces in northern Kamerun at Garua. It was the first significant action to take place in the campaign and resulted in the German repulsion of the British force.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin

The Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin was a battle on the Western Front during World War I. As part of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on the Western Front in the late summer of 1918, the Australian Corps crossed the Somme River on the night of 31 August and broke the German lines at Mont Saint-Quentin and Péronne.

World War I: Start of the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, a successful assault by the Australian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive.

Battle of Lioma

The Battle of Lioma (30–31 August 1918) was fought between the German Empire and British Empire during the East African Campaign of World War I. Having successfully evaded the Allies since late 1917, the German Schutztruppe under Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck waged a guerilla campaign in Portuguese East Africa, attacking and raiding settlements as well as forts in the search of supplies while inflicting as much damage as possible on the Allies.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Mozambique

1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine

The Soviet invasion of Ukraine was a major offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army against the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) during the Soviet–Ukrainian War. The invasion was first planned in November 1918, after the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was launched in the first days of January 1919 with the occupation of Kharkiv.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Ukraine

Battle of Komarów

The Battle of Komarów, or the Battle of Zamość Ring, was one of the most important engagements of the Polish-Soviet War. It took place between 20 August and 2 September 1920, near the village of Komarowo (now Komarów) near Zamość. It was the last large battle in Europe in which cavalry was used as such and not as mounted infantry.

Polish–Soviet War: A decisive Polish victory in the Battle of Komarów.

Soviet intervention in Mongolia

The Soviet intervention in Mongolia was when Soviet troops fought in 1921 at the request of the communist government of the Mongolian People's Party against the anti-communist government of White Russian general Baron Ungern and occupied the entirety of Mongolia. Later there was the establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic, and the formation of modern ideas of Mongolian nationalism, which fully pulled Mongolia out of the influence of the Beiyang government of China and under the influence of Soviet Russia.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Paraná Campaign

The Paraná Campaign was the continuation of the São Paulo Revolt of 1924 in western Paraná from 1924 to 1925, concluding with the formation of the Miguel Costa-Prestes Column. Rebel tenentists, led by Isidoro Dias Lopes, withdrew from São Paulo, went down the Paraná River and settled in the region from Guaíra to Foz do Iguaçu, from where they faced the forces of the Brazilian government, commanded by general Cândido Rondon from October 1924.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Brazil

Andorran parliamentary election, 1933

Parliamentary elections were held in Andorra on 31 August 1933, the first held under universal male suffrage. The extension of the franchise to all men over 21 followed social unrest referred to as "Andorra's revolution". As political parties were not legalised until 1993, all candidates ran as independents.

Andorra

Neutrality Acts of the 1930s

The Neutrality Acts were a series of acts passed by the US Congress in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 in response to the growing threats and wars that led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following the US joining World War I, and they sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.

This entry records the signing, as dated in the source infobox.

4th Venice International Film Festival

The 4th annual Venice International Film Festival was held between 10 and 31 August 1936. This year saw an international jury nominated for the first time.

Venice, Italy

Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe

The Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe (English: Guadalupe Mountains), also known as the Tagus Campaign, was a continuation of the Nationalist Army's race north toward Madrid in the early stages of the Spanish Civil War. In mid-late August 1936, the three Regulares columns of General Yagüe's Army of Africa dashed through the Sierra de Guadalupe Mountains, also known as Sierra de Villuercas, in central Spain and forded across the Tagus River, capturing several towns and routing the Republicans in a succession of rapid advances.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Spain

6th Venice International Film Festival

The 6th annual Venice International Film Festival was held between 8 and 31 August 1938. The festival screened a French cinema retrospective, spanning works from 1891 to 1933.

Venice, Italy

Gleiwitz incident

The Gleiwitz incident, or Gliwice incident, was a false flag attack on the radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz (then Germany and now Gliwice, Poland) staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939. Along with some two dozen similar incidents, the attack was manufactured by Germany as a casus belli to justify the invasion of Poland.

Lovettsville air disaster

The Lovettsville air disaster occurred on August 31, 1940 near Lovettsville, Virginia. Pennsylvania Central Airlines Trip 19 was a new Douglas DC-3A that was flying through an intense thunderstorm at 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Numerous witnesses reported seeing a large flash of lightning shortly before it nosed over and plunged to earth in an alfalfa field. With limited accident investigation tools at the time, it was at first believed that the most likely cause was the plane flying into windshear, but the Civil Aeronautics Board report concluded that the probable cause was a lightning strike. U.S.

Virginia, United States

Battle of Loznica (1941)

The Battle of Loznica involved an attack on the German garrison of that town by the Jadar Chetnik Detachment on 31 August 1941. Following the World War II German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was partitioned. At the time, Loznica was part of the German-occupied territory of Serbia, which included Serbia proper, with the addition of the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and the Banat. The Chetniks attacked, led by Lieutenant Colonel Veselin Misita, who was killed during the assault. The Germans surrendered, and 93 were captured.

Loznica, Serbia

1941 Iranian legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Iran began in September 1941, when Reza Shah was still in power, and were continued during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran and succession of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Foroughi came under great pressures to nullify the election results which were considered devoid of legitimacy.

Iran

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, also known as the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia or the Allied invasion of Iran, was the joint invasion of the officially neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941. The two powers announced that they would stay until six months after the end of the war with their mutual enemy, Nazi Germany (World War II), which turned out to be 2 March 1946.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Iran

Operation Dervish (1941)

Operation Dervish (21–31 August 1941) was the first of the Arctic Convoys of the Second World War by which the Western Allies supplied material to the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany. Included in the convoy was the personnel and equipment of an RAF Wing, for the air defence of the Russian ports, several civilians and diplomatic missions.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Soviet evacuation of Tallinn

The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn was a Soviet naval evacuation operation carried out from 27 to 31 August 1941 during World War II, the Continuation War, and the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It involved the withdrawal of ships of the Baltic Fleet, units of the Red Army, and Soviet civilians from the encircled Soviet naval base at Tallinn in Soviet-occupied Estonia to Kronstadt, near Leningrad.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Estonia

Battle of Isurava

The Battle of Isurava, also sometimes referred to as the Battle of Isurava–Abuari or the Battle of Isuraba, took place between 26 and 31 August 1942. Forming part of the Kokoda Track campaign of the Second World War, the battle involved military forces from Australia, supported by the United States, fighting against Japanese troops from Major General Tomitaro Horii's South Seas Detachment, who had landed around Buna and Gona in Papua mid-July 1942, with the intent of capturing Port Moresby to the south, via the overland route.

Bombing of Pisa in World War II

The bombing of Pisa took place on 31 August 1943, during World War II. Aimed at disabling the city's marshalling yard, it also resulted in heavy damage to the city itself (although its most famous landmarks were left untouched) and civilian casualties.

Tuscany, Italy

Battle of Gruszówka

The Battle of Gruszówka was an armed clash on 31 August 1943, where Polish self-defence forces smashed the forces of the Banderites sotnias and inflicted heavy losses on them.

1943 Tschammerpokal final

The 1943 Tschammerpokal final decided the winner of the 1943 Tschammerpokal, the 9th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 31 August 1943 at the Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn in Stuttgart. First Vienna won the match 3–2 against LSV Hamburg after extra time, to claim their 1st cup title.

Bombing of Pescara in World War II

The bombing of Pescara was a series of attacks by the United States Army Air Force on the city of Pescara in Abruzzo, Italy during World War II. The raids caused thousands of civilian casualties and left 80 % of the city destroyed or damaged.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Italy

Battle of Noemfoor

The Battle of Noemfoor was part of the New Guinea campaign of World War II. It took place on the island of Noemfoor, in Dutch New Guinea (now Papua, in Indonesia), between 2 July and 31 August 1944. During the battle, Allied forces landed on the island to capture Japanese bases as part of their advance through the Pacific towards the Philippines.

Indonesia

Battle of Sansapor

The Battle of Sansapor (Operation Globetrotter) was an amphibious landing and subsequent operations around Sansapor, Dutch New Guinea on the Vogelkop Peninsula during World War II.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945

The Liberal Party of Australia is the major conservative and centre-right to right-wing political party in Australia. Historically the most electorally successful party in Australia, it was founded in 1944 as the successor to the United Australia Party. It is part of the Liberal–National Coalition—one of the two major groupings in Australian politics—with its main rival being the Labor Party.

Hungarian parliamentary election, 1947

Parliamentary elections, which later became infamously the "blue-ballot" elections, were held in Hungary on 31 August 1947. The Hungarian Communist Party, which had lost the previous election, consolidated its power in the interim using salami tactics. This fact, combined with the weakening of the opposition and a revised electoral law, led to further Communist gains. It was Hungary's last remotely competitive election before 1990. In the summer of 1947, in the presence of Soviet arms, Hungary prepared for a new election. The Communists intended to exploit the situation that arose as a result of the disarray of their main rival, the Independent Smallholders Party, to gain a clear majority in the legislature.

Hungary

TWA Flight 903

TWA Flight 903 was a regularly scheduled flight from Bombay International Airport, India to New York-Idlewild Airport, via Cairo-King Farouk Airport and Rome-Ciampino Airport. On 31 August 1950, the flight crashed in Egypt due to engine failure.

Egypt

Operation Elkayam

Operation Elkayam (Hebrew: מבצע אלקיים), also known as the Khan Yunis raid, was an Israeli military operation that targeted Egyptian military positions in the Khan Yunis area. The successful operation resulted in the destruction of Egyptian military installations as well as the deaths of seventy-two Egyptian soldiers. There was one Israeli fatality.

Battle at Nicosia Hospital

The Battle of Nicosia Hospital was a military engagement during the Cyprus Emergency. The EOKA planned a raid to rescue Polykarpos Giorkatzis, an EOKA prisoner who had been transferred to hospital. The escape was successful, although the team suffered casualties.

Cyprus

The Federation became independent from British colonial rule and became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957

Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya. It comprised eleven states – nine Malay states and two of the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca. It was established on the 1st of February 1948.

A parcel bomb sent by Ngô Đình Nhu (pictured), younger brother and chief adviser of South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm, failed to kill Norodom Sihanouk, Prime Minister of Cambodia

Ngô Đình Nhu (; 7 October 1910 – 2 November 1963) was a Vietnamese archivist and politician. He was the younger brother and State Counsellor of South Vietnam's first president, Ngô Đình Diệm. Although he held no formal executive position, he wielded immense unofficial power, exercising personal command of both the ARVN Special Forces (a paramilitary unit which served as the Ngô family's de facto private army) and the Cần Lao political apparatus (also known as the Personalist Labor Party) which served as the regime's de facto secret police.

Trinidad and Tobago gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962

Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost archipelagic country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several smaller islets. The capital city is Port of Spain, while its largest and most populous municipality is Chaguanas. Trinidad and Tobago comprises the southernmost islands of the Caribbean eastern islands chain, and it is close to the continent of South America, being north to northeast of Venezuela and northwest of Guyana.

Operation Amarillo

Operation Amarillo was an operation conducted by 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division in Bình Dương Province, lasting from 23–31 August 1966.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Start of the Congress of Carrara, one of the major 20th century anarchist congresses

The Congress of Carrara, held from 31 August to 5 September 1968, in the eponymous city, is one of the major anarchist congresses of the 20th century. Led by anarchist federations from 31 countries—primarily European—the congress aimed to coordinate anarchists on an international scale and founded the International of Anarchist Federations (IAF), one of the main anarchist organizations to this day. 40 delegates and around 120 participants attended the congress, which took place shortly after the Prague Spring and May '68, events marking the rebirth of the anarchist movement.

Aeroflot Flight 558

Aeroflot Flight 558 (Russian: Рейс 558 Аэрофлота Reys 558 Aeroflota) was a scheduled Ilyushin Il-18V domestic passenger flight from Karaganda to Moscow that crashed into a field in the Abzelilovsky District on August 31st 1972 as a result of a fire stemming from exploded passenger baggage, killing all 102 people on board.

Russia

Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta

The Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta was part of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN)’s Easter Offensive of 1972 and saw PAVN and Viet Cong (VC) engage the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK) supported by the United States along the southern Cambodian border with South Vietnam and in the Mekong Delta of South Vietnam.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Cambodia

1976 Deauville American Film Festival

The 2nd Deauville American Film Festival took place at Deauville, France from August 31 to September 5, 1976. This year, the festival auctioned film posters of the films screening at the festival, which continued over subsequent years. The festival was non-competitive in nature and remained so until 1995. The festival introduced Lucien Barrière Prize for Literature, which was awarded every year during the Festival to an American author.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

France

1977 Rhodesian general election

General elections were held in Rhodesia on 31 August 1977, the last general election in the country dominated by the white minority. Prime Minister Ian Smith, who was conducting negotiations with moderate African nationalists, was forced into an early election by the defection of twelve MPs from his Rhodesian Front party, which denied him the two-thirds majority of the House of Assembly needed to change the constitution.

1984 Burundian presidential election

Presidential elections were held for the first time in Burundi on 31 August 1984. Incumbent Jean-Baptiste Bagaza of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA; then the sole legal party) was the only candidate, and was re-elected with 99.63% of the vote. Voter turnout was 98.3%.

Burundi

Aeroméxico Flight 498

Aeroméxico Flight 498 was a scheduled commercial flight from Mexico City, Mexico, to Los Angeles, California, United States, with several intermediate stops. On Sunday, August 31, 1986, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 operating the flight was clipped in the tail section by a Piper PA-28 Cherokee owned by the Kramer family, and crashed into the Los Angeles suburb of Cerritos, killing all 64 on the DC-9, all 3 in the Piper, and an additional 15 people on the ground.

Thai Airways Flight 365

Thai Airways Flight 365 was a Thai Airways Company Boeing 737-200 with the registration number HS-TBC. On 31 August 1987, the plane crashed during a scheduled flight from Hat Yai International Airport to Phuket International Airport (both in Thailand), killing all 83 people on board: 74 passengers and 9 crew. It was the deadliest aviation accident in Thailand at the time, before being surpassed four years later by the crash of Lauda Air Flight 004.

Thailand

CAAC Flight 301

CAAC Flight 301, a Hawker Siddeley Trident operated by CAAC Guangzhou Regional Administration from Guangzhou Baiyun to Hong Kong Kai Tak, ran off the runway in Hong Kong on 31 August 1988 after clipping approach lights. Six crew members and one passenger perished in the accident. The crash shut down Kai Tak Airport for more than six hours after the accident.

Hong Kong

Delta Air Lines Flight 1141

Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight between Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, and Salt Lake City International Airport, Utah. On August 31, 1988, the flight, operated by a Boeing 727-200 series aircraft, crashed during takeoff at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, resulting in 14 deaths and 76 injuries among the 108 on board.

1989 Singaporean presidential election

An indirect presidential election was held in Singapore on 31 August 1989. During the election, 69 members of Parliament were present and 13 members were absent. Wee Kim Wee was re-elected by the Parliament of Singapore. Wee was sworn in for his second term as president on 2 September 1989.

Singapore

Singaporean general election, 1991

General elections were held in Singapore on 31 August 1991. The result was a victory for the People's Action Party, which won 77 of the 81 seats. Voter turnout was 95.0%, although this figure represents the turnout in the 25 constituencies to be contested, with PAP candidates earning walkovers in the other 41.

Singapore

On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR, and a democratic government was established

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, formerly known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. The capital and largest city is Bishkek which lies on the northern border with Kazakhstan.

1995 Algerian Super Cup

The 1995 Algerian Super Cup was the 4th edition of Algerian Super Cup, a football match contested by the winners of the Championnat National and 1994–95 Algerian Cup competitions. The match was played on 31 August 1995 at Stade 5 Juillet 1962 in Algiers. 1994–95 Algerian Cup winners CR Belouizdad defeated 1994–95 Championnat National winners JS Kabylie with a score of 1-0.

Diana, Princess of Wales, her partner, Dodi Fayed, and driver Henri Paul die in a car crash in Paris

In the early hours of 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died from injuries sustained in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris, France. Dodi Fayed, Diana's partner, and the chauffeur Henri Paul were both found dead inside the car. Diana's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, was the only survivor of the crash, albeit seriously injured.

LAPA Flight 3142

LAPA Flight 3142 was a scheduled Buenos Aires–Córdoba flight operated by the Argentine airline Líneas Aéreas Privadas Argentinas. On 31 August 1999, the Boeing 737-200 operating the flight crashed while attempting to take off from Aeroparque Jorge Newbery International Airport in Buenos Aires. The crash resulted in 65 fatalities – 63 occupants of the aircraft (3 crew members and 60 passengers) and 2 people on the ground – as well as injuries, some serious, to at least 34 people.

WEC 4

WEC 4: Rumble Under The Sun was a mixed martial arts event held on August 31, 2002, at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut, USA. The main event was a fight between Aaron Brink and Jeremy Horn.

Connecticut, United States

Verano de Escándalo (2003)

Verano de Escándalo 2003 (Spanish for "Summer of Scandal") was a series of major Lucha Libre or professional wrestling shows held by the Mexican wrestling promotion AAA over the summer of 2003. In previous and subsequent years AAA's Verano de Escándalo were a single event, but in 2003 it was a series of three shows held on August 31 (A), September 16 (B) and September 28 (C), 2003.

Mexico

2004 Volusia County Chair election

The 2004 Volusia County Chair election took place on August 31, 2004. The 2004 election was the first election for the position after voters approved an amendment to the home rule charter in 2002 that established the position of County Chair. County Councilmember Frank Bruno and Roy Schleicher, a former County Councilmember, entered the race as frontrunners, and were joined at the filing deadline by consultant Larry Stephens.

Florida, United States

2004 Miami-Dade County mayoral election

The 2004 Miami-Dade County mayoral election took place on November 2, 2004, following a primary election on August 31, 2004. Incumbent Mayor Alex Penelas was term-limited and could not run for a third consecutive term, instead opting to unsuccessfully run for Senate. Nine candidates ran to succeed Penelas. Carlos Álvarez, the Director of the Miami-Dade Police Department, placed first in the primary, winning 28 percent of the vote.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

United States

2005 Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster

The Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster (Arabic: كارثة جسر الائمة, lit. 'Bridge of the Imams disaster') occurred on August 31, 2005 when 965 people died following a panic, and subsequent crowd crush, on the Al-Aaimmah Bridge, which crosses the Tigris river in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. The incident was "the single biggest loss of Iraqi life since the US-led invasion in 2003".

2007 UEFA Super Cup

The 2007 UEFA Super Cup was the 32nd UEFA Super Cup, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup competitions. The match was held at the Stade Louis II in Monaco on 31 August 2007 and contested by Milan, who won the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, and Sevilla, winners of the 2006–07 UEFA Cup.

Monaco

Release of Hatsune Miku

Hatsune Miku (Japanese: 初音ミク, [hatsɯ̥ne miꜜkɯ]), officially code-named CV01, is a Vocaloid voicebank and software application developed by Crypton Future Media. Her voice is generated using vocal sound samples provided by Japanese voice actress Saki Fujita. The software is personified by an official mascot character depicted as a 16-year-old girl with turquoise twintails. Marketed as a virtual idol, Miku has performed at live virtual concerts as an animated projection.

2012 UEFA Super Cup

The 2012 UEFA Super Cup was the 37th UEFA Super Cup, an annual football match organised by UEFA and contested by the reigning champions of the two main European club competitions, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. It was played at the Stade Louis II in Monaco on 31 August 2012, between the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League winners Chelsea of England and the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League winners Atlético Madrid of Spain.

Monaco

2012 Deauville American Film Festival

The 38th Deauville American Film Festival took place at Deauville, France from August 31 to September 9, 2012. Jeff Nichols's drama film Mud served as the opening night film. Savages by Oliver Stone was the closing night film of the festival. The Grand Prix was awarded to Beasts of the Southern Wild by Benh Zeitlin.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

France

UFC 164

UFC 164: Henderson vs. Pettis II was a mixed martial arts event held on August 31, 2013, at the BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Milwaukee, United States

Monguno ambush

On 31 August 2013, jihadists from Boko Haram ambushed self-defense militiamen near Monguno, Borno State, Nigeria, killing at least 24 with 34 others missing.

Nigeria

Battle of Los Angeles (2013)

Battle of Los Angeles (2013) was the ninth Battle of Los Angeles professional wrestling tournament produced by Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). It was a two-night event which took place on August 30 and August 31, 2013, at the American Legion Post #308 in Reseda, Los Angeles, California. It was a sixteen-man tournament, which concluded with Kyle O'Reilly defeating Michael Elgin in the tournament final.

California, United States

2013 Super Coppa Sammarinese

The 2013 Super Coppa Sammarinese was the second Super Coppa Sammarinese football match. It was contested by Tre Penne, the winner of the 2012–13 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio, and La Fiorita the winner of the 2012–13 Coppa Titano. The match was held on 31 August 2013 at the Campo di Fiorentino. Tre Penne defeated La Fiorita, 2–1, to win their first Super Coppa.

2013 Oman Super Cup

The 2013 Oman Super Cup was the 11th edition of the Oman Super Cup, an annual football match between Al-Suwaiq Club, the champions of the 2012–13 Oman Elite League and the 2012–13 Sultan Qaboos Cup and Fanja SC, the runners-up of the 2012–13 Oman Elite League. The match was played at the Al-Seeb Stadium in Al-Seeb, Oman.

Oman

Deep Jewels events

These are the Deep Jewels events held by the Japanese mixed martial arts (MMA) organization Deep. The Jewels MMA events were previously held by Jewels before Deep absorbed its operations on May 25, 2013 (2013-05-25).

IWRG La Isla

La Isla (Spanish for "The Island") was a major professional wrestling event produced and scripted by Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on August 31, 2014 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. The name La Isla is taken from a Mexican reality TV show also called La Isla, a show similar to Survivor. The main event of the show was a special eight-man ladder match where the story-line prize was a bag full of 50,000 Mexican pesos ($3815). To claim the prize a wrestler would have to climb up the ladder and unhook the bag.

Naucalpan, Mexico

Donegal v Dublin (2014 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship)

The Donegal vs Dublin football match that took place on 31 August 2014 at Croke Park in Dublin, Ireland, was the second semi-final match of the 2014 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. Both teams reached the stage with an undefeated record in the competition. The game was administered by Cavan officials led by Kill Shamrocks referee Joe McQuillan. The result was a shocking loss for the "unbeatable" Dublin - reigning League, Leinster and All-Ireland Champions playing on their own turf. Having been down 0-08 – 0-03 down after 23 minutes, Donegal led 1-08 – 0-10 at half time.

Ireland

Saxony state election, 2014

A state election, as required by the state constitution, was held on 31 August 2014 in the state of Saxony in Germany. Minister-President Stanislaw Tillich sought to retain power.

Saxony, Germany

Battle of Los Angeles (2014)

Battle of Los Angeles (2014) was the tenth Battle of Los Angeles professional wrestling tournament produced by Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). It was a three-night event which took place on August 29, August 30 and August 31, 2014 at the American Legion Post #308 in Reseda, Los Angeles, California. It was a twenty-four man tournament which concluded with a three-way match in the final, in which Ricochet defeated Johnny Gargano and Roderick Strong.

California, United States

2014 Macanese Chief Executive election

Chief Executive elections were held in Macau on 31 August 2014 for the fourth term of the Chief Executive of Macau (CE), the highest office of the Macau Special Administrative Region. Incumbent Chief Executive Fernando Chui was re-elected unopposed.

Macau

2014 Kagawa gubernatorial election

On August 31, 2014, Kagawa Prefecture in Japan held its gubernatorial election. Keizo Hamada was re-elected.

Japan

2018 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election

The 2018 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election was held from June to August 2018 to select a leader of the Green Party of England and Wales. Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley had been elected as co-leaders in 2016. Lucas stood down, whilst Bartley stood for re-election with a new co-leadership candidate, Siân Berry. They won re-election in the first round, and Amelia Womack won re-election as the party's deputy leader.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

45th Telluride Film Festival

The 45th Telluride Film Festival took place from August 31 to September 3, 2018 in Telluride, Colorado, United States. Novelist Jonathan Lethem was selected as the guest director of the event. As the guest director, Lethem served as a key collaborator in the festival programming decisions. Telluride honored Alfonso Cuarón, Emma Stone, and Rithy Panh as the Silver Medallion winners.

This entry records the opening, as dated in the source infobox.

United States

All Out (2019)

The 2019 All Out was the inaugural All Out professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It took place during Labor Day weekend on August 31, 2019, at the Sears Centre Arena in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. The event is considered the spiritual sequel to the independently produced All In PPV held in September 2018 at the same venue, which was the catalyst to the formation of AEW in January 2019.

Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States · Illinois, United States

NXT UK TakeOver: Cardiff

NXT UK TakeOver: Cardiff was a 2019 professional wrestling livestreaming event produced by the American company WWE, held for wrestlers from the promotion's United Kingdom-based developmental brand, NXT UK. It was the second NXT UK TakeOver event and took place on Saturday, August 31, 2019, at the Motorpoint Arena Cardiff in Cardiff, Wales. The event aired exclusively on the WWE Network at 7:00 p.m.

Wales, United Kingdom

UFC Fight Night: Andrade vs. Zhang

UFC Fight Night: Andrade vs. Zhang (also known as UFC Fight Night 157 or UFC on ESPN+ 15) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on August 31, 2019 at Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre Arena in Shenzhen, China.

People's Republic of China

Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)

The 2019 northwestern Syria offensive, codenamed "Dawn of Idlib" (Arabic: فجر إدلب), was a military operation launched on 30 April 2019 by the Syrian Armed Forces and its allies against rebel groups in northwestern Syria during the Syrian civil war in a region known as "Greater Idlib", consisting of northwest Hama, southern Idlib and northeastern Latakia provinces.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Syria

2019 Prince Edward station attack

The 2019 Prince Edward station attack, also known as the 31 August Prince Edward station incident (Chinese: 831太子站事件), was an incident in which Hong Kong police indiscriminately attacked passengers while arresting protesters who were returning home via Prince Edward station, on the night of 31 August 2019, after a protest was held that same day.

2020 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election

The 2020 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election took place in August 2020 to determine the leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, while an election for the party's deputy leader also took place simultaneously. Jonathan Bartley and Siân Berry, who were elected on a joint ticket in 2018, were re-elected as co-leaders while Amelia Womack was re-elected as the party's deputy leader.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

2020 Albanian Supercup

The 2020 Albanian Supercup was the 27th edition of the Albanian Supercup, an annual Albanian football match. The teams were decided by taking the previous season's Kategoria Superiore champions and the winners of the Albanian Cup. The match was contested by Tirana, champions of the 2019–20 Kategoria Superiore, and Teuta, the 2019–20 Albanian Cup winners.

2021 Mayors and Independents leadership election

A leadership election for the Mayors and Independents (STAN) in 2021 was held on 31 August 2021. The incumbent leader Vít Rakušan was the only candidate and received 96% of votes.

Czechia

2021 Estonian presidential election

An indirect election took place in Estonia on 30 and 31 August 2021 to elect the president of Estonia, who is the country's head of state. The Riigikogu — the Parliament of Estonia — elected Alar Karis to serve in the office and he was sworn in as the 6th president on 11 October 2021.

Estonia

Bash in Berlin

Bash in Berlin was a 2024 professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by the American company WWE, held for wrestlers from the promotion's main roster brands, Raw and SmackDown. It took place on August 31, 2024, at the Uber Arena in Berlin, Germany. This was WWE's first PPV and livestreaming event to be held in Germany. Five matches were contested at the event.

Berlin, Germany

2024 Niuean village council elections

Village council elections were held in Niue on 31 August 2024 to elect members of the village councils of all fourteen villages. However, in only four villages were there more candidates than seats to fill, so all other candidates were elected unopposed. The elections were held alongside four nationwide referendums.

Niue

2024 Kamchatka Mil Mi-8 crash

On 31 August 2024, a Mil Mi-8 helicopter operating a scheduled charter flight crashed in Kamchatka Krai, Russia, killing all 22 people on board. The aircraft, which was operated by Vityaz-Aero on a sightseeing tour over the Vachkazhets volcano, crashed in poor weather shortly after take-off.

Russia

Clash in Paris

Clash in Paris was a 2025 professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by the American company WWE, held for wrestlers from the promotion's main roster brands, Raw and SmackDown. It took place on August 31, 2025, at the Paris La Défense Arena in Nanterre, France. It marked WWE's second PPV and livestreaming event held in France after Backlash in May 2024, and the first in the Paris metropolitan area.

Paris, France

2025 Kunar earthquake

On 31 August 2025, at 23:47 AFT (19:17 UTC), an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw) struck eastern Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan. The epicenter of the quake was located in Nurgal District, Kunar Province. It had a hypocenter 8 kilometres (5 miles) beneath the surface, and the shaking had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) in Nurgal.

2025 Tarasin landslide

On 31 August 2025, a landslide destroyed the village of Tarasin (also rendered Tarseen and Tarsin) in the Marrah Mountains in Central Darfur, western Sudan, killing between 375 and 1,500 people.