11月20日发生过什么？

Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor

The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC. The title of imperator, originally a military honorific, was usually used alongside caesar, originally a cognomen. When a given Roman is described as becoming emperor in English, it generally reflects his accession as augustus, and later as basileus.

The Peace of Cremona ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, after the victorious Venetian enterprise of military engineering of the Galeas per montes

The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 by Paolo Lucio Anafesto, over the course of its 1,100 years of history it established itself as one of the major European commercial and naval powers.

Second War of Kappel

The Second War of Kappel (German: Zweiter Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1531 between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Battle of Craibstone

The Battle of Craibstone was fought on 20 November 1571 between Clan Gordon and the Clan Forbes on an area that has now been constructed over, found in central Aberdeen, Scotland. It was part of the Marian civil war in which the Clan Forbes supported the King and Clan Gordon supported the Queen. So called due to its proximity to Craibstone Croft, the battle was won by the Gordons who forced the Forbes into retreat in approximately one hour with the loss of sixty men.

Scotland, United Kingdom

Battle of Totenhöhe

The Battle of Totenhöhe took place on 20 November 1646 during the Thirty Years' War, in the northwestern part of the town of Totenhöhe in Upper Hesse between Imperial and Hesse-Darmstadt troops on one side, and a Hesse-Kassel-Swedish army on the other. The battle ended in victory for Hesse-Kassel and Sweden.

Germany

Wincanton Skirmish

The Wincanton Skirmish took place on 20 November 1688 in Wincanton, Somerset during the 1688 invasion of England. A small cavalry patrol of the English Army under Patrick Sarsfield clashed with a detachment of the Dutch States Army's Scots Brigade in one of only two minor battles fought in England during the Glorious Revolution.

Somerset, United Kingdom

Russo-Turkish War (1710–1713)

The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1713, also known as the Pruth River Campaign, was a brief military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The main battle took place during 18–22 July 1711 in the basin of the Pruth river near Stănilești after Tsar Peter I entered the Ottoman vassal Principality of Moldavia, following the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war on Russia.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Battle of Porto Bello (1739)

The Battle of Porto Bello (also known as the Battle of Portobello) was a 1739 battle between a Royal Navy squadron aiming to capture the settlement of Portobelo in Panama, and its Spanish defenders. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, in the early stages of the war sometimes known as the War of Jenkins' Ear. The battle resulted in a popularly acclaimed British victory.

Panama

Battle of Maxen

The Battle of Maxen (20 November 1759) was a battle at Maxen, Saxony in present-day Germany during the Seven Years' War. It resulted in surrender of a Prussian corps. The Prussian corps of 14,000 men, commanded by Friedrich August von Finck (one of Frederick the Great's generals), was sent to threaten lines of communication between the Austrian army at Dresden and Bohemia.

Saxony, Germany

Battle of Quiberon Bay

The Battle of Quiberon Bay (known as the Bataille des Cardinaux by the French) was a decisive naval engagement during the Seven Years' War. It was fought on 20–21 November 1759 between the Royal Navy and the French Navy in Quiberon Bay, off the coast of France near Saint-Nazaire. The battle was the culmination of British efforts to eliminate French naval superiority, which could have given the French the ability to carry out their planned invasion of Great Britain.

Saint-Nazaire, France

American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Fort Lee saw the invasion of New Jersey by British and Hessian forces and the subsequent general retreat of the Continental Army

Fort Lee Historic Park is located atop a bluff of the Hudson Palisades overlooking Burdett's Landing, known as Mount Constitution, in Fort Lee, New Jersey, United States. The park was conceived as early as 1952. Native Americans appear to have lived in the area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The bluff was the site of George Washington's 1776 encampment opposite Fort Washington at the northern end of Manhattan.

Action of 20 November 1779

The Acton of 20 November 1779 was a minor naval engagement of the European theater of the Anglo-Spanish War that took place in the Atlantic. It was fought between a 50-gun Royal Naval ship against a Spanish navy 64-gun ship though armed en flute. On November 19, 1779, HMS Hussar of 28 guns, under Captain Elliot Salter, was in company with HMS Chatham of 50 guns. They were convoying trade from Lisbon back to England when they saw a two-decked ship standing out of the convoy, and at once gave chase.

Lisbon, Portugal

Battle of Blackstock's Farm

The Battle of Blackstock's Farm, an encounter of the American Revolutionary War, took place in what today is Union County, South Carolina, a few miles from Cross Anchor, on November 20, 1780.

South Carolina, United States

1782 Virginia gubernatorial election

A gubernatorial election was held in Virginia on November 20, 1782. The incumbent governor of Virginia Benjamin Harrison V was re-elected. The election was conducted by the Virginia General Assembly in joint session. The House of Delegates met on November 19 to make nominations for governor and other offices, which the Senate accepted without amendment; the rule disqualifying votes for candidates other than those nominated was repealed prior to the balloting.

Virginia, United States

1794 Virginia gubernatorial election

A gubernatorial election was held in Virginia on November 20, 1794. The Democratic-Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Spotsylvania County Robert Brooke defeated the Federalist member of the Council of State James Wood. The Federalist incumbent governor of Virginia Henry Lee III was ineligible for re-election due to term limits established by the Constitution of Virginia.

United States

Battle of the Black Mountain

The Battle of the Black Mountain (also Capmany or Serra Negra or Del Roure or Montroig) was fought from 17 to 20 November 1794 between the army of the First French Republic and the allied armies of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal. The French, led by Jacques François Dugommier, defeated the Allies, who were commanded by Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Spain

Capture of USS Retaliation

On November 20, 1798, a pair of French Navy frigates, the L'insurgente and Volontaire, with some 80 guns in combined strength, captured an American 14-gun schooner, USS Retaliation. The ship was later recaptured on June 28, 1799, and the L'insurgente was captured the following month as well. The Retaliation was the only American warship captured during the war.

1802 North Carolina gubernatorial election

The 1802 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 20, 1802, in order to elect the Governor of North Carolina. Democratic-Republican candidate and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina's 3rd district John Baptista Ashe was elected by the North Carolina General Assembly against Federalist candidate and former member of the North Carolina House of Representatives William Polk and Democratic-Republican candidate Joseph Taylor.

North Carolina, United States

1804 Maryland gubernatorial election

The 1804 Maryland gubernatorial election was held on November 20, 1804, in order to elect the governor of Maryland. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Robert Bowie was easily re-elected by the Maryland General Assembly as he ran unopposed. The exact results of this election are unknown.

Maryland, United States

Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)

The Battle of Lacolle River was fought on November 20, 1812, during the War of 1812. In this relatively short and fast battle, a very small garrison of Canadian militia, with the assistance of Kahnawake Mohawk warriors, defended a makeshift log guardhouse on the Montreal road at the bridge over the Lacolle River (present day village of Lacolle, Quebec). The American invasion force, prepared and led by Major General Henry Dearborn, captured the blockhouse in the early morning, possibly following a brief confrontation with the outnumbered defending forces.

Lacolle, Quebec, Canada

1813 North Carolina gubernatorial election

The 1813 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 20, 1813, in order to elect the governor of North Carolina. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor William Hawkins was re-elected by the North Carolina General Assembly as he ran unopposed.

North Carolina, United States

Treaty of Paris (1815)

The Treaty of Paris of 1815, also known as the Second Treaty of Paris, was signed on 20 November 1815, after the defeat and the second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba, entered Paris on 20 March and began the Hundred Days of his restored rule.

1815 Georgia gubernatorial election

The 1815 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 20, 1815, in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Democratic-Republican candidate and former Governor David Brydie Mitchell defeated fellow Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent Governor Peter Early, Democratic-Republican candidate and former Governor Jared Irwin and Democratic-Republican candidate John Clark in a Georgia General Assembly vote.

United States

1816 United States presidential election in Rhode Island

A presidential election was held in Rhode Island on November 20, 1816 as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The Democratic-Republican ticket of U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe and Governor of New York Daniel D. Tompkins was elected unopposed. The Federalist Party failed to nominate a candidate. In the national election, Monroe easily defeated the senior U.S. senator from New York, Rufus King, who received 34 votes from unpledged electors despite not being a candidate.

United States

November 1836 Portuguese legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 20 November 1836.

Portugal

Battle of Vuelta de Obligado

The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on November 20, 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet.

Argentina

1848 Newfoundland general election

The 1848 Newfoundland general election was held on November 20, 1848 to elect members of the 4th General Assembly of Newfoundland in the Newfoundland Colony. The House of Assembly and the Legislative Council were restored as separate bodies following an experiment by Governor John Harvey which had amalgamated the two legislatures. The Liberal Party continued to maintain a majority of seats with a Conservative opposition.

Italian general election, 1870

General elections were held in Italy on 20 November 1870, with a second round of voting on 27 November. They were a snap election, called by Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza to take advantage by the Capture of Rome and to give parliamentary representation to the future capital of Italy. Only 530,018 men of a total population of around 26 million were entitled to vote. They were largely aristocrats representing rentiers from the north of the country, and held moderate political views including loyalty to the crown and low government spending.

Italy

Battle of Hanoi (1873)

The Battle of Hanoi was fought on 20 November 1873 between France and Đại Nam. A French expeditionary force composed of 140 sailors, 30 marines and 8 officers under the command of Navy Lieutenant Francis Garnier captured the provincial capital Hanoi, where they had been sent by France on a diplomatic mission, without superiors' orders.

1897 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final

The 1897 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 10th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1897 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at the Tipperary GAA Field, on 20 November 1898 between Kilkenny, represented by club side Tullaroan, and Limerick, represented by club side Kilfinane.

Ireland

The French actress Sarah Bernhardt receives the press at the Savoy Hotel in New York at the outset of her first visit since 1896. She talked about her impending tour with a troupe of more than 50 performers and her plans to play the title role in Hamlet

Sarah Bernhardt (French: [saʁa bɛʁnɑʁt]; born Henriette-Rosine Bernard; 22 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage actress who starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including La Dame aux Camélias by Alexandre Dumas fils, Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, Fédora and La Tosca by Victorien Sardou, and L'Aiglon by Edmond Rostand.

Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It saw the destruction of the Federal Army, its replacement by a revolutionary army, and the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico, which aimed to create a strong central government. Revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940.

Mexico

1910 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final

The 1910 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the twenty-third All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1910 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Wexford were the winners.

Ireland

Mexican Border War

The Mexican Border War was a series of military engagements between the United States military and several Mexican factions in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution. From the beginning of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, the United States Army was stationed in force along the border and, on several occasions, fought with Mexican rebels or regular federal troops.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

First World War: The Battle of Cambrai began with British forces having initial success over Germany's Hindenburg Line

The Battle of Cambrai (Battle of Cambrai, 1917, First Battle of Cambrai and Schlacht von Cambrai) was a British attack in the First World War, followed by the biggest German counter-attack against the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) since 1914. The town of Cambrai, in the département of Nord, in France, was an important supply centre for the German Siegfriedstellung (known to the British as the Hindenburg Line) and capture of the town and the nearby Bourlon Ridge would threaten the rear of the German line to the north.

Ukraine: People's republic

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the north; Poland and Slovakia to the west; Hungary, Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is Ukraine's capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Odesa, and Dnipro.

November 1920 The Wrekin by-election

The Wrekin by-election of November 1920 was held on 20 November 1920. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Independent Parliamentary Group MP, Charles Palmer. It was won by the Independent Parliamentary Group candidate, 59-year old retired Major-General Sir Charles Townshend, who was against the current Unionist-Liberal coalition government and beat Charles Duncan, 55-year old Labour candidate and former MP.

United Kingdom

Albanian–Yugoslav border war (1921)

The Albanian–Yugoslav border war of 1921 arose from disputes over the borders of the newly established Principality of Albania after the First Balkan War. Although the 1913 Treaty of London outlined general territorial terms for Albania, precise borders remained unresolved amid the chaos of World War I, the Paris Peace Conference, and the League of Nations' formation.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

1920 Copa Aldao

The 1920 Copa Aldao was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa Aldao, the sixth edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by the same teams than the previous edition, Uruguayan Nacional and Argentine Boca Juniors. In the match, played at Estadio Sportivo Barracas in Buenos Aires on November 20, 1921, Nacional beat Boca Juniors 2–1, winning its third (and last) Copa Aldao trophy.

Argentina

1929 Calgary municipal election

The 1929 Calgary municipal election was held on November 20, 1929 to elect a Mayor and seven Aldermen to sit on Calgary City Council. Along with positions on Calgary City Council, four trustees for the Public School Board, three trustees for the Separate School Board, and seven questions put before the voters.

Calgary, Canada

1932 Catalan regional election

The 1932 Catalan regional election was held on 20 November 1932 to elect the first legislature of the Parliament of the autonomous region of Catalonia. It was the sole Catalan parliamentary election held during the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939). Between 1939 and 1980 the Parliament, as the rest of the institutions of the Generalitat of Catalonia, remained in exile as a consequence of the Republican defeat in the Spanish Civil War, and there wasn't another election until 1980.

1935 Calgary municipal election

The 1935 Calgary municipal election was held on November 20, 1935, to elect a Mayor and six Aldermen to sit on Calgary City Council. Along with positions on Calgary City Council, three trustees for the Public School Board, and three trustees for the Separate School Board were elected. Nominations closed on November 4, 1935.

Calgary, Canada

1940 Taiwanese prefectural elections

The Second Prefectural Assembly Elections (Japanese: 第二囘州會議員選擧) were held on 20 November 1940 in Taiwan under Japanese rule. According to the Japanese law, half members of prefectural assembly shall be elected by the members of local assembly and the other half shall be appointed by the Governor-General (Japanese: 總督). In this time, 82 seats from five prefectural assemblies were open for election.

Taiwan

Operation Stoneage

Operation Stoneage or Operation Stone Age (16–20 November 1942) was an Allied convoy to the Mediterranean island of Malta in the Second World War. To disguise the destination of the ships, some took on their cargo at Port Sudan in the Red Sea. The four ships of Convoy MW 13 sailed from Alexandria on 16 November, escorted by cruisers, destroyers and round-the-clock air cover from captured airfields in Egypt and Cyrenaica (eastern Libya).

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Malta

US Marines land on Tarawa Atoll as the Battle of Tarawa begins

United States Marines landed on Betio, Tarawa Atoll, on November 20, 1943, opening the Battle of Tarawa against Japanese forces. Tarawa is in the Gilbert Islands, now part of Kiribati. The fighting continued through November 23.

First day of the November 20–23 battle; the marker identifies the battlefield in present-day Kiribati.

Kiribati

1943 Western Australian state election

Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 20 November 1943 to elect all 50 members to the Legislative Assembly. The Labor Party, led by Premier John Willcock, won a fourth term in office against the Country and Nationalist parties, led by Opposition Leader Arthur Watts and Robert Ross McDonald respectively. The election took place in the midst of World War II, and as such, turnout was considerably down on the previous election.

Battle of Alsace

The Battle of Alsace was a military campaign between the Allies, mainly French, and the Germans in Alsace, eastern France, from 20 November 1944 to 19 March 1945. It led to the liberation of Alsace by the Allies.

Alsace, France

Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States against leaders of defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of several countries across Europe and committing atrocities against their citizens in the Second World War. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries across Europe, inflicting 27 million deaths in the Soviet Union alone.

Battle of Margarana

The Battle of Margarana (Balinese: ᬧᬸᬧᬸᬢᬦ᭄ ᬫᬃᬕᬭᬦ, romanized: Puputan Margarana; Dutch: Slag bij Margarana) was fought between the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) and the recently created, rebelling Ciung Wanara Battalion that occurred in Marga, in Bali, Indonesia.

Indonesia

Operation Ceinture

Operation Ceinture was a late 1947 military endeavour by the French Far East Expeditionary Corps against the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War. A month-long effort that commenced on 20 November following the cessation of Operation Léa, Ceinture (French: belt) intended to rid the region between Hanoi, Thái Nguyên and Tuyên Quang of Viet-Minh infiltration.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Battle of Guisa

The Battle of Guisa was a relevant event in the history of Cuba. One of the major victories of the Rebel Army in the Liberation War (1956–1959) sustained against the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba.

Cuba

Declaration of the Rights of the Child

The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, sometimes known as the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, is an international document promoting child rights, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924, and adopted in an extended form by the United Nations in 1959.

The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is adopted by the United Nations.

Japanese general election, 1960

General elections were held in Japan on 20 November 1960. The result was a victory for the Liberal Democratic Party, which won 300 of the 467 seats. Voter turnout was 73.5%.

Japan

Release of Enjoy Yourself Tonight

Enjoy Yourself Tonight or EYT is a popular variety show that was produced in British Hong Kong. It first aired on TVB Jade on 20 November 1967. The show lasted 27 years with its last broadcast on Friday, 7 October 1994. During the 1980s, it was compared with the American Saturday Night Live as one of the world's longest-running live-shows.

Farmington Mine disaster

The Farmington Mine disaster was an explosion that happened at approximately 5:30 a.m. on November 20, 1968, at the Consol No. 9 coal mine north of Farmington and Mannington, West Virginia, USA. The explosion was large enough to be felt in Fairmont, almost 12 miles away. At the time, 99 miners were inside. Over the course of the next few hours, 21 miners were able to escape the mine, but 78 were still trapped. All who were unable to escape perished; the bodies of 19 of the dead were never recovered.

West Virginia, United States

Occupation of Alcatraz

The Occupation of Alcatraz (November 20, 1969 – June 11, 1971) was a 19-month long occupation of Alcatraz Island and its prison complex, then classified as abandoned surplus federal land, by 89 American Indians and their supporters. The occupation was led by Richard Oakes, LaNada Means, and others, while John Trudell served as spokesman. The group lived on the island together until the occupation was forcibly ended by the U.S. government.

This decision by LaNada Means to choose November 20, 1969, began the successful 19-month occupation of Alcatraz opening up hearts and minds to Native American issues and struggles throughout the country, a forerunner of the Red Power movement and the Self Determination Era.

Lufthansa Flight 540

Lufthansa Flight 540 was a scheduled commercial flight for Lufthansa, serving the Frankfurt–Nairobi–Johannesburg route. On 20 November 1974, the Boeing 747-130 that was operating as Flight 540 was carrying 157 people (139 passengers and 18 crew members) crashed and caught fire shortly after taking off from Embakasi Airport in Nairobi, Kenya, for the last leg of the flight, resulting in the deaths of 54 passengers and 5 crew members.

Kenya

Battle of the Iron Triangle

The Battle of the Iron Triangle took place from 16 May to 20 November 1974, when the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 9th Division captured Rach Bap and An Dien. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) regained the lost towns in a series of costly counterattacks.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Greek legislative election, 1977

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 20 November 1977. After Prime Minister Constantine Karamanlis called for early elections, his New Democracy party suffered a significant loss of power. However, Karamanlis managed to secure an absolute majority in the Parliament. The big surprise was the success of PASOK, whose socialistic rhetoric remained radical. Because of PASOK's success, the Centrists (Union of the Democratic Centre, ΕDIK, former Center Union - New Forces) led again by Georgios Mavros lost half of their power. As a result, Andreas Papandreou, PASOK's leader, became a prominent figure in Greek politics.

Greece

1977 Season's Cup

The 1977 Season's Cup (Кубок сезона) was the first edition of Soviet Super Cup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Soviet Top League and Soviet Cup competitions. The match was played at the Stadion Dinamo imeni Lenina, Tbilisi, on 20 November 1977, and contested by league winner Dinamo Kiev and cup winner Dinamo Moscow. Dinamo Moscow won it 1–0.

Georgia

1978 Yukon general election

The 1978 Yukon general election was held on November 20, 1978, was the first conventional legislative election in the history of Canada's Yukon Territory. Prior elections were held to elect representatives to the Yukon Territorial Council, a non-partisan body that acted in an advisory role to the Commissioner of the Yukon.

Grand Mosque seizure

The Grand Mosque seizure took place between 20 November and 4 December 1979 at the Grand Mosque of Mecca in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest site in Islam. The attack was carried out by up to 600 militants led by Juhayman al-Otaybi, a Saudi Islamist opposed to the monarchy, belonging to the Otaibah tribe.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Saudi Arabia

Microsoft Windows 1.0, the first graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft, is released

Windows 1.0 is the first major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical user shells and operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was first released to manufacturing in the United States and the general public on November 20, 1985, while the European version was released as Windows 1.02 in May 1986.

Battle of Ernestinovo

The Battle of Ernestinovo was a battle during the Croatian War of Independence fought on 20 November 1991. It was fought between Croatia, and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia which was supported by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). The JNA took Ernestinovo then the battle for Antunovac began.

Croatia

1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown

On November 20, 1991, an Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 military helicopter, carrying a peacekeeping mission team consisting of 13 Azerbaijani government officials, two Russian and one Kazakhstani Ministry of Internal Affairs officials, three Azerbaijani journalists and three helicopter crew was shot down amidst heavy fighting near the village of Berdashen, also known as Karakend, in Nagorno-Karabakh. All 22 people (19 passengers and three crew) on board were killed in the crash.

1992 Windsor Castle fire

The 1992 Windsor Castle fire occurred on 20 November 1992 in Windsor Castle, the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of Queen Elizabeth II. The castle suffered extensive damage in the fire and was fully repaired within the next few years at a cost of £36.5 million, in a project led by the conservation architects Donald Insall Associates. It led to the Queen paying tax on her income, and to Buckingham Palace, the Queen's other official residence, being opened to the public to help pay for the restoration work.

England, United Kingdom

Battlebowl

BattleBowl was a one-time professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The show took place on November 20, 1993, at the Pensacola Civic Center in Pensacola, Florida. The event featured only the "BattleBowl Tournament", where the first round consisted of eight tag team matches where the teams were drawn at random in a "Lethal Lottery".

Florida, United States

Avioimpex Flight 110

Avioimpex Flight 110 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Avioimpex that crashed on 20 November 1993 while flying from Geneva to Skopje. Before the disaster, Flight 110 had deviated from Skopje International Airport to Ohrid Airport due to a blizzard in the Macedonian capital. The plane, a Yakovlev Yak-42, was carrying 108 passengers and eight crew, and crashed about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi; 3.8 nmi) east of Ohrid Airport.

Big Egg Wrestling Universe

The Big Egg Wrestling Universe was a professional wrestling event held at Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan on November 20, 1994 and attended by 32,500 fans. However, some sources claim the event was attended by over 42,000 fans. The event generated approximately $4 million in revenue from ticket sales, as well as $1.6 million in merchandise sales. The event featured representatives from joshi promotions All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling (AJW), GAEA Japan, JWP Joshi Puroresu, and Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling (LLPW), as well as puroresu promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (which had a large women's division at the time).

Tokyo, Japan

1994 Okinawa gubernatorial election

A gubernatorial election was held on November 20, 1994 to elect the Governor of Okinawa (沖縄県, Okinawa-ken), which is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan. Incumbent Masahide Ōta was re-elected for a second term as governor. In 1994, the Okinawans' Attitude Survey conducted by the cabinet office found that public perceptions of Japan's geopolitical security risks had reached an all-time low, dropping to below 50%.

Operation Shield '94

Operation Shield '94 (Serbian Cyrillic: Operajica Štit '94, Операција Штит '94) refers to the offensive in Western Bosnia from the 4 November to 20 November 1994, the key goal was to fully destroy the 5th Corps, and to recapture lands lost during Operation Grmeč 94. It resulted in a Serbian victory.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Operation Autumn '94

The Operation Autumn '94 (in Bosnian: Operacija Jesen '94) was an operation carried out by the ARBiH against the VRS during the Bosnian War, with the goal of taking control over Podvelež and Velež, south-east of Mostar.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, ending 19 years of civil war. (Localized fighting resumes the next year.)

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Portuguese: União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, abbr. UNITA) is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought alongside the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) in the Angolan War for Independence (1961–1975) and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war (1975–2002).

1996 Garley Building fire

The 1996 Garley Building fire was a fire that took place on 20 November 1996 in the 16-storey Garley commercial building (Chinese: 嘉利大廈) located at 232–240 Nathan Road, Jordan, Hong Kong Kowloon West. It was a catastrophe that caused the loss of 41 lives and 81 injuries. It is considered the worst building fire in Hong Kong during peacetime. The fire damaged the bottom two floors and the top three floors of the building, while the middle floors remained relatively intact.

Hong Kong

1997 Winchester by-election

A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Winchester was held on 20 November 1997 after its result at the general election the previous May was declared void. Mark Oaten of the Liberal Democrats won the seat with a wafer-thin majority of two votes over Conservative Gerry Malone earlier in the year, but following a legal challenge, a new election was allowed by the High Court.

United Kingdom

1997 Beckenham by-election

A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Beckenham was held on 20 November 1997, triggered by the resignation of the incumbent Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) Piers Merchant, who stood down following a scandal regarding his affair with a teenage bar hostess. The Conservatives held the seat, with Jacqui Lait winning the by-election. The 1997 Winchester by-election was held on the same day.

United Kingdom

Welsh Liberal Democrats inaugural Assembly group election

Ahead of the inaugural election to the Welsh Assembly in May 1999, the Welsh Liberal Democrats held a contest to elect their campaign leader and prospective group leader. The Welsh Liberal Democrat leader during this campaign was Brecon and Radnorshire MP Richard Livsey, who would remain as party leader until 2001.

United Kingdom

The beginning of the core of the ISS's tenure in orbit was the launch of the Russian-built Zarya module atop a Proton rocket on 20 November 1998

The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is operated by five partner space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada). It is the first space station built, maintained and crewed through international cooperation and the largest human spacecraft ever constructed.

1999 Vancouver municipal election

The city of Vancouver, Canada, held municipal elections on November 20, 1999. Canadian citizens who were over 18 years of age at the time of the vote, and had been a resident of Vancouver for the previous 30 days and a resident of B.C. for the previous six months, were able to vote for candidates in four races that were presented on one ballot.

Arkansas's 3rd congressional district special election, 2001

The United States House of Representatives special election in Arkansas's 3rd congressional district was held on November 20, 2001 to select the successor to Asa Hutchinson who resigned upon appointment as director of the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Arkansas, United States

2003 Istanbul bombings

The 2003 Istanbul bombings were a series of suicide attacks carried out with trucks fitted with bombs detonated at four locations in Istanbul, Turkey, on 15 and 20 November 2003. On 15 November, two truck bombs were detonated, one in front of the Bet Israel Synagogue in Şişli at around 9:30 a.m. local time (UTC+2.00) and another in front of the Neve Shalom Synagogue in Beyoğlu at around 9:34 a.m.

Turkey

2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election

Elections to the Mizoram Legislative Assembly were held in November 2003 to elect members of the 40 constituencies in Mizoram, India. The Mizo National Front won the most seats and its leader, Zoramthanga was appointed as the Chief Minister of Mizoram for his second term.

India

Jordanian general election, 2007

General elections were held in Jordan on 20 November 2007. Following the election, Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit and his cabinet resigned, as it normally followed in the Jordanian political system. King Abdullah II appointed Nader al-Dahabi as the new Prime Minister on 22 November to lead a new technocrat government.

Jordan

Guerra de Titanes (2007)

2007 Guerra de Titanes ("War of the Titans") was the eleventh Guerra de Titanes professional wrestling show promoted by Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). The show took place on November 20, 2007 in Madero, Mexico like the previous year’s event. The Main event featured a 3 way Elimination match where the AAA Mega Champion El Mesias defended against Cibernético and El Zorro.

Ciudad Madero, Mexico

ASEAN Charter

The ASEAN Charter is a constituent instrument of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was adopted at the 13th ASEAN Summit in November 2007. The intention to draft the Charter had been formally proposed at the 11th ASEAN Summit held in December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ten ASEAN leaders, one from each member state, called the ASEAN Eminent Persons Group (EPG) were assigned to produce recommendations for the drafting of the charter.

2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election

The Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, 2008 was held on 14 and 20 November 2008, to select the 90 members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly. The results of the election were announced on 8 December. The Bharatiya Janata Party won the popular vote and a majority of seats and the incumbent Chief Minister Raman Singh was sworn in as Chief minister for his second term.

India

Mana by-election, 2010

A by-election was held in the New Zealand electorate of Mana on 20 November 2010. The seat was vacated by former Labour Pacific Island Affairs Minister Winnie Laban, who announced her resignation from the New Zealand Parliament on 10 August 2010 following her appointment as Assistant Vice Chancellor Pasifika at Victoria University. According to provisional results, the by-election was won by Kris Faafoi, also of the Labour Party.

New Zealand

UFC 123

UFC 123: Rampage vs. Machida was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on November 20, 2010 at the Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan. It was the first UFC event in the Metro Detroit area since UFC 9.

Michigan, United States

2010 Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party leadership election

A leadership election for Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU-ČSL) was held on 20 November 2010. Pavel Bělobrádek was elected leader of the party.

Czechia

Survivor Series (2011)

Survivor Series (2011) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by WWE that took place on November 20, 2011 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It was the 25th annual Survivor Series event and the first one to take place in Madison Square Garden since the 2002 event. It sold out in only 90 minutes. Seven matches took place at the event, six of which were broadcast live on pay-per-view. The Main events from this installment of Survivor Series would have a lasting effect on the next year in the WWE.

New York, United States · New York City, United States

IWRG Copa Revolucionaria

The Copa Revolucionaria (Spanish for "Revolucionary Cup") was a professional wrestling major event, produced by the Mexico based International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) professional wrestling promotion. The event commemorated the start of the Mexican Revolution 100 years prior in 1911. The event took on November 20, 2011, at "Arena Naucalpan" in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, IWRG's main venue. The main event saw El Pantera defend the IWRG Rey del Ring Championship against Trauma I. The Copa in Copa Revolucionaria referred to the semi-main event match, a 16-man torneo cibernetico multi-man elimination match where the winner would be awarded the Copa Revolucionaria that was won by Apolo Estrada Jr.

Naucalpan, Mexico

Spanish general election, 2011

The 2011 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 20 November 2011, to elect the 10th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 266 seats in the Senate. The election was held amid the effects of a harsh financial crisis and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government's perceived failure to cope with the worsening situation of the country's economy resulted in the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) being swept from power in the worst defeat for a sitting Spanish government since 1982.

Spain

MLS Cup 2011

MLS Cup 2011, the 16th edition of Major League Soccer's championship match, was played between the Houston Dynamo and the Los Angeles Galaxy to decide the champion of the 2011 season. The soccer match was played at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California on November 20, 2011. Los Angeles won their third championship, defeating Houston 1–0 off a 72nd-minute goal from Galaxy captain Landon Donovan.

United States

Second Battle of Ménaka

The Second Battle of Ménaka was the last battle fought by the state of Azawad, as they were defeated by an Islamist coalition.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Mali

Rochester and Strood by-election, 2014

The Rochester and Strood by-election was a by-election for the UK parliamentary constituency of Rochester and Strood in Kent, England, held on 20 November 2014. The by-election was triggered when the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Mark Reckless, left the Conservative Party and joined the UK Independence Party (UKIP). He resigned his seat in Parliament in order to seek re-election for his new party. Reckless retained the seat, and polled 42.1% of the vote as the UKIP candidate. The Conservative Party came second with 34.8%, and Labour third with 16.8%.

United Kingdom

World Series of Fighting 25: Lightweight Tournament

World Series of Fighting 25: Lightweight Tournament was a mixed martial arts event held November 20, 2015 in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. This event aired on NBCSN in the U.S and on Fight Network in Canada.

Phoenix, Arizona, United States

2015 Bamako hotel attack

On 20 November 2015, Islamist militants took 170 hostages and killed 20 of them in a mass shooting at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, the capital city of Mali. Malian commandos raided the hotel and freed the surviving hostages. Al-Mourabitoun claimed that it carried out the attack "in cooperation with" Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb; an Al Qaeda member confirmed that the two groups cooperated in the attack.

Mali

November 2016 Haitian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Haiti on 20 November 2016 after having been postponed several times. The elections were overseen by the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP), and were held using the two-round system, with a second round scheduled for 29 January 2017 if no candidate received an absolute majority of the votes in the first round (50% plus one vote).

Haiti

ICW Fear & Loathing IX

ICW Fear & Loathing IX was a professional wrestling event produced by Insane Championship Wrestling and the ninth in the annual Fear & Loathing event series. It took place on November 20, 2016, at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland. The event featured wrestlers from its regular roster like Drew Galloway, Grado, Lionheart, Andy Wild, Mark Coffey as well as international talent in Kurt Angle, Team 3D and Ricochet.

Glasgow, United Kingdom

Survivor Series (2016)

The 2016 Survivor Series was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by the American company WWE, held for wrestlers from the promotion's main roster brands, Raw and SmackDown. It was the 30th annual Survivor Series and took place on November 20, 2016, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Toronto, Canada

Kazay-Kazay ambush

On November 20, 2016, militants from Ansar Dine ambushed Malian soldiers near Douentza.

Mali

2016 Norwegian Football Cup final

The 2016 Norwegian Football Cup final was the final match of the 2016 Norwegian Football Cup, the 111th season of the Norwegian Football Cup, the premier Norwegian football cup competition organized by the Football Association of Norway (NFF). The match was played on 20 November 2016 at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo, and was contested between the First Division side Kongsvinger and the Tippeligaen side Rosenborg.

2017 Turkish Parliament Speaker election

The mid-term Turkish Parliament Speaker elections of 2017 were held on 20 November 2017 in order to elect the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly. The election took place in three rounds, with a fourth becoming unnecessary after incumbent Speaker İsmail Kahraman was re-elected with 289 votes.

Turkey

2018 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election

The 2018 U.S. Virgin Islands gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to select the governor of the United States Virgin Islands. The election was held concurrently with the 2018 United States midterm elections. On election day, November 6, Bryan earned 38.08% of the vote, with Mapp coming in second with 33.45%.

This entry records the runoff, as dated in the source infobox.

United States Virgin Islands

2018 United States Virgin Islands general election

The United States Virgin Islands general election was held on 6 November 2018. Voters chose the non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives, all fifteen seats in the Legislature of the Virgin Islands, and the governor of the United States Virgin Islands.

This entry records the runoff, as dated in the source infobox.

United States Virgin Islands

2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election

The 2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election was held to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of the Indian State of Chhattisgarh. The election was held in two phases for a total of 90 seats; the first for 18 seats in South Chhattisgarh on 12 November 2018, and the second for the remaining 72 on 20 November.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

India

The US House passes the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act

The Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 (HKHRDA) (S. 1838; Pub. L. 116–76 (text) (PDF)) is a United States federal law that requires the U.S. government to impose sanctions against mainland China and Hong Kong officials considered responsible for human rights abuses in Hong Kong, and requires the United States Department of State and other agencies to conduct an annual review to determine whether changes in Hong Kong's political status (its relationship with mainland China) justify changing the unique, favorable trade relations between the U.S. and Hong Kong.

52nd International Film Festival of India

The 52nd International Film Festival of India opened on 20 November 2021 with The King of All the World (El Rey de Todo El Mundo) by Carlos Saura in Goa. Like the 51st edition, this edition was held in a hybrid format which combined online and face-to-face participation. The BRICS Film Festival was held alongside main festival, in which films from BRICS nations, namely Brazil, Russia, South Africa, China and India were showcased.

India

2021 TOP 09 leadership election

The Czech political party TOP 09 held a leadership election on 20 November 2021. The incumbent leader Markéta Pekarová Adamová ran unopposed and was reelected.

Czechia

Impact Wrestling Turning Point (2021)

The 2021 Turning Point was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling. It took place on November 20, 2021 at Sam's Town Live in Sunrise Manor, Nevada, and aired on Impact Plus and YouTube. It was the 15th event under the Turning Point chronology, and the first Impact Plus Monthly Special of 2021 to air live since Against All Odds in June.

Nevada, United States

2021 Copa Sudamericana final

The 2021 Copa Sudamericana final was the final match which decided the winner of the 2021 Copa Sudamericana. This was the 20th edition of the Copa Sudamericana, the second-tier South American continental club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL. The match was played on 20 November 2021 at the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, Uruguay, between Brazilian sides Athletico Paranaense and Red Bull Bragantino.

Montevideo, Uruguay

UFC Fight Night: Vieira vs. Tate

UFC Fight Night: Vieira vs. Tate (also known as UFC Fight Night 198, UFC on ESPN+ 56, and UFC Vegas 43) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on November 20, 2021 at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.

Nevada, United States

2021 Malacca state election

The 2021 Malacca state election, formally the 15th Malacca state election, took place on 20 November 2021. This election was to elect 28 members of the 15th Malacca State Legislative Assembly. The previous assembly was dissolved on 4 October 2021. The snap election of the state was called prematurely following a political crisis.

22nd Vietnam Film Festival

The 22nd Vietnam Film Festival was held from November 18 to November 20, 2021, in Huế City, Thừa Thiên Huế Province, Vietnam, with the slogan "Building a Vietnamese film industry rich in national identity, modern and humane" (Vietnamese: "Xây dựng nền công nghiệp điện ảnh Việt Nam giàu bản sắc dân tộc, hiện đại và nhân văn").

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Vietnam

2022 Equatorial Guinean general election

General elections were held in Equatorial Guinea on 20 November 2022 to elect the President and members of Parliament, alongside local elections. Originally the parliamentary elections had been scheduled for November 2022 and presidential elections for 2023. However, in September 2022 Parliament approved a proposal to merge the elections due to economic constraints. The government announced on 26 November 2022 that Obiang had won the election by an overwhelming margin, as expected.

Equatorial Guinea

2022 Nepalese general election

General elections were held in Nepal on 20 November 2022 to elect the 275 members of the House of Representatives. There were two ballots in the election; one to elect 165 members from single-member constituencies via FPTP, and the other to elect the remaining 110 members from a single nation-wide constituency via party-list proportional representation. The election was held alongside provincial elections for the seven provincial assemblies.

Nepal

2022 Madhesh Provincial Assembly election

Provincial assembly elections were held in Nepal on 20 November 2022. The discussion to conduct sooner than later is underway due to interest of leading Nepali Congress while the opposition, CPN (UML) is already demanding for fresh mandate.

Nepal

2022 Ljubljana local elections

Elections were held in Ljubljana on 20 November 2022 for the mayor of Ljubljana, the 45 members of the Ljubljana Assembly, the councils of districts and the local committees, as part of the 2022 Slovenian local elections.

2022 Kazakh presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 20 November 2022. This was the seventh presidential election since Kazakhstan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Incumbent president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, an independent, was re-elected for a second term in a landslide, receiving 81% of the vote. His closest challenger, Jiguli Dairabaev of the Auyl Party, received just 3% of the vote, marking the first time since 2015 that all candidates other than the incumbent president failed to garner 5% or more of the vote.

Kazakhstan

2022 FIFA World Cup

The 2022 FIFA World Cup was the 22nd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for national football teams organised by FIFA. It took place in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2010. It was the first World Cup to be held in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula, and the second in an Asian country after the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan.

The 2022 FIFA World Cup begins in Qatar. This is the first time the tournament was held in the Middle East.

2022 Stockholm International Film Festival

The 33rd Stockholm International Film Festival took place from 9 to 20 November 2022 in Stockholm, Sweden. The festival was opened with the Nordic premiere of political thriller film Boy from Heaven directed by Tarik Saleh and closed with Paul Schrader's crime thriller Master Gardener. The most prestigious award, Bronze Horse was awarded to crime thriller film Holy Spider, directed by Ali Abbasi.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Sweden

53rd International Film Festival of India

The 53rd International Film Festival of India was an event held from 20 to 28 November 2022 with Alma & Oskar by Dieter Berner as the opening feature film, and Perfect Number by Krzysztof Zanussi as the closing feature film. France was the country of focus in the festival with eight films of the country included in the 'country of focus' section.

This entry records the opening, as dated in the source infobox.

India

2023 Marshallese general election

General elections were held in the Marshall Islands on 20 November 2023.

Marshall Islands

54th International Film Festival of India

The 54th International Film Festival of India opened on 20 November 2023 with Catching Dust by Stuart Gatt in Goa. Shekhar Kapur an Indian filmmaker served as chairperson of the international jury. This year a new award category Best Web Series Award was introduced in the festival. 32 entries in 10 languages from 15 Over-the-top media service platforms were selected to compete for this award.

2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

The 2024 Maharashtra legislative assembly elections were held On 20 November 2024 to elect all 288 members of the state's Legislative Assembly. The turnout for the election was 66.05%, the highest since 1995. The BJP-led Mahayuti alliance won a landslide victory, winning 235 seats of the 288 seats in which the election was held.

India

2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election

The 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election was held in three phases from 13 to 20 November 2024 to elect all 81 members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly. The counting of votes was done on 24 November 2024. The Jharkhand Mukti Morcha won 34 seats, securing 23.44% of the popular vote and its alliance, Mahagathbandhan (INDIA Bloc) including the Congress, CPI(ML)L and RJD won 56 seats, securing 44.37% of the popular vote.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

India

55th International Film Festival of India

The 55th International Film Festival of India took place from 20 to 28 November 2024 at Panaji, Goa. The theme of this year's festival is 'Young Filmmakers – The Future is Now', so this year a new section and award category 'Best Debut Director of Indian Feature Film' has been introduced in the festival to encourage young blood.

This entry records the opening, as dated in the source infobox.

India

2025 Tongan general election

General elections were held in Tonga on 20 November 2025. Prominent campaign issues included the cost of living and the monarchy's influence in government. ʻAisake Eke became prime minister in January 2025. He succeeded Siaosi Sovaleni, who served from 2021 until his resignation in December 2024, shortly before a planned no-confidence motion, which Eke introduced.

Tonga