9月23日发生过什么？

The Concordat of Worms settles an imperial dispute

Emperor Henry V and Pope Callixtus II reached an agreement at Worms to resolve their dispute over the appointment of bishops and abbots. The settlement separated spiritual investiture from the granting of secular authority. Henry gave up the use of the ring and staff to confer religious office, while retaining a role in elections and the transfer of associated lands. The compromise brought the imperial phase of the Investiture Controversy to an end. It did not remove every tension between rulers and the Church, but established a lasting distinction between their responsibilities in making ecclesiastical appointments.

September 23 follows the historical calendar convention of the source.

Worms, Holy Roman Empire

Battle of Altopascio

The Battle of Altopascio was fought in 1325 in Tuscany, between the Ghibelline forces of Lucca under Castruccio Castracani and those of Guelph Florence.

Italy

French ships defeat an English wool convoy at Arnemuiden

A French fleet attacked five English merchant ships carrying wool near Arnemuiden, a port in what is now the Netherlands. The cargo was intended for sale in Antwerp to help finance Edward III's continental alliances. Outnumbered, the English squadron eventually surrendered, and the French captured its ships and goods. The engagement was an early naval encounter of the Hundred Years' War. It is also noted for the presence of guns aboard the English ship Christopher, an early documented use of artillery in European naval fighting. Accounts of the battle describe the killing of captured English sailors.

The date follows the historical calendar convention of the source.

Off Arnemuiden, present-day Netherlands

Battle of Othée

The Battle of Othée was fought between the citizens of Liège and a professional army under command of John the Fearless on 23 September 1408. The militia of Liège suffered a heavy defeat.

Battle of Kherlen

The Battle of Kherlen (Chinese: 臚朐河之戰) was fought between the Eastern Mongols and the Ming dynasty at the banks of Kherlen River (Kerülen River) on the Mongolian Plateau on 23 September 1409.

Battle of Sellnitz

The Battle of Sellnitz was fought on 23 September 1438 between the Imperial Saxons and the Hussites. The Saxons were led by Frederick II of Saxony. On his journey to Saxony from Bohemia was accompanied by czech noble Jakoubek of Vřesovice, the former hussite leader (hetman) of the Union of Žatec and Louny, now hetman of the region Litoměřice and Žatec.

The Yorkists win the Battle of Blore Heath

An army led by the Earl of Salisbury defeated a Lancastrian force at Blore Heath in Staffordshire. Salisbury was marching from northern England to join other Yorkist forces when troops commanded by Lord Audley attempted to intercept him. The encounter ended the uneasy peace that had followed the earlier fighting at St Albans. Audley was killed, and the Yorkists continued their march, although their victory did not settle the struggle for the crown. The battle became one of the major early engagements of the Wars of the Roses, the dynastic conflicts between supporters of the houses of Lancaster and York.

The date follows the historical calendar convention of the source.

Blore Heath, England

Siege of Shika Castle

The siege of Shika Castle, which took place in September 1547, was one of many battles fought in Takeda Shingen's bid to seize control of Shinano Province.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Japan

King Philip II of Spain issues cedula, ordering a halt to colonizing efforts in Florida

Philip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558.

Battle of Ardnaree

The Battle of Ardnaree, was a battle in the Tudor conquest of Ireland fought at Ardnaree (now a suburb of Ballina, County Mayo) on 23 September 1586. The result was a victory for the English over the Mac Philbins and Burkes. The conflict was a part of the political and military struggle, involving the English and occasionally the Scots, for control of northern Ireland.Ardnaree the anglicised version of the name can be translated to Árd na ríogh meaning the hill of the kings. The Mac Philbins and Mayo Burkes were in rebellion against the brutal English rule.

County Mayo, Ireland

Siege of Troitsky monastery

The siege of Troitsky monastery (Russian: Троицкая осада) was an abortive attempt of the Polish–Lithuanian irregular army (mercenaries) that acted in support of False Dmitry II to capture the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, north-east of Moscow. The siege lasted for 16 months, from 23 September 1608 until 12 January 1610.

Royalist cavalry wins at Powick Bridge

Royalist and Parliamentarian mounted troops clashed south of Worcester during the opening campaign of the English Civil War. Prince Rupert's men had been sent to assist a Royalist convoy carrying valuables, while their opponents hoped to intercept it. When the Parliamentarian force approached, Royalist dragoons and cavalry rapidly formed for battle and drove it back. A rearguard at Powick Bridge helped cover the retreat. The Royalists subsequently left Worcester with their convoy. Though small compared with later battles, the encounter was the first engagement between elements of the principal field armies and helped establish Rupert's reputation as a cavalry commander.

September 23 is the Julian-calendar date used in contemporary England.

Powick Bridge, near Worcester, England

Battle of Pyliavtsi

The Battle of Pyliavtsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Пилявцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Piławcami; 21–23 September 1648) was the third significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Near the site of the present-day village of Pyliava in Ukraine, a forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonel Maksym Kryvonis and Tugay Bey attacked and decisively defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Princes Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Noblemans Mikołaj Ostroróg and Aleksander Koniecpolski with Magnate Janusz Tyszkiewicz.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

First Münster War

The First Münster War was a short conflict between the Dutch Republic against the Bishopric of Münster, who was supported by England. The Second Anglo-Dutch War is considered a related conflict.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Netherlands

A disputed treaty follows Russia's campaign against Persia

Persian envoy Ismail Beg signed an agreement in Saint Petersburg following Russia's campaign around the Caspian Sea. Its terms assigned Russia territories including Derbent, Baku, and several northern Iranian provinces, in exchange for promised military support for Shah Tahmasp II. The shah subsequently refused to ratify the agreement, so its signing should not be described as an uncontested settlement accepted by both rulers. The episode reflected the severe weakening of Safavid authority and Russian attempts to expand southward. Russia later returned the acquired territories through agreements concluded in the 1730s, as Iranian power recovered under the rising military leader Nader.

September 23 Gregorian corresponds to September 12 in the Julian calendar.

Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire

John Paul Jones's squadron fights off Flamborough Head

A squadron commanded by Continental Navy captain John Paul Jones encountered British warships protecting a merchant convoy off the Yorkshire coast. In a prolonged engagement, Jones's Bonhomme Richard fought the better-armed Serapis at close quarters. The British escort vessels were eventually captured, but Bonhomme Richard was so badly damaged that it later sank. Most of the merchant convoy escaped while its escorts fought. The action became one of the best-known naval episodes of the American Revolutionary War. Its location off Britain also demonstrated the conflict's Atlantic reach and the importance of French ships and sailors to Jones's operations.

Off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire coast

John André's capture exposes the West Point conspiracy

American militiamen stopped British officer John André near Tarrytown, New York, while he was returning from a secret meeting with Benedict Arnold. Papers found on André revealed plans connected with Arnold's intended surrender of the strategically important American post at West Point. The discovery exposed the conspiracy before the transfer could take place. Arnold escaped to British protection, while André was taken into American custody and tried as a spy. His execution followed in October, rather than on the day of his capture. The episode became a defining case of espionage and betrayal during the American Revolutionary War.

Tarrytown, New York

Wellesley's army defeats Maratha forces at Assaye

Arthur Wellesley led an East India Company army against Maratha forces near Assaye in western India. Although outnumbered, he decided to attack before joining another British force operating nearby. Maratha artillery inflicted heavy losses, but infantry and cavalry attacks eventually compelled the defending army to withdraw. Wellesley's exhausted troops could not mount an effective pursuit. The battle was a major engagement of the Second Anglo-Maratha War and an important early victory for the future Duke of Wellington. Alongside subsequent campaigns, it contributed to the expansion of British power in India at the expense of the Maratha confederacy.

Assaye, present-day Maharashtra

The Corps of Discovery returns to St. Louis

The expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark returned to St. Louis after traveling across western North America to the Pacific and back. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase, the Corps of Discovery gathered information about waterways, landscapes, plants, animals, and Indigenous nations. Its members relied on local knowledge, trade, and assistance from Native communities, including the interpreting work associated with Sacagawea. They brought back journals, maps, and specimens that expanded American geographic knowledge. The expedition also served United States territorial ambitions; the lands it described were already inhabited, rather than an empty wilderness awaiting discovery.

St. Louis, Missouri

Greek insurgents capture Tripolitsa

Greek insurgents captured Tripolitsa after a siege during the Greek War of Independence. The town was an important Ottoman administrative and military center in the Peloponnese, and its fall strengthened the insurgents' position in the region. Victory was followed by the mass killing of Muslim and Jewish residents, a central part of the event that cannot be separated from its military significance. Estimates of the number killed vary considerably between accounts. The capture provided the revolutionaries with weapons and resources, but it also illustrates the violence against civilians that accompanied the struggle to end Ottoman rule in Greece.

This entry marks the end of the siege, using the date convention of the cited article.

Tripolitsa, now Tripoli, Greece

The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club is organized

The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club was organized by a group of New York players associated with Alexander Cartwright. Its members adopted a written set of playing rules prepared by William Wheaton and William Tucker. These rules helped shape the version of baseball that developed around New York, although the sport had many predecessors and cannot accurately be attributed to a single inventor. The club used the Elysian Fields in nearby Hoboken as its playing ground. Its organization and rule-making became important steps in baseball's transition from varied local games to a more standardized sport played by organized clubs.

New York City

A new planet is found through mathematics

Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest identified Neptune at the Berlin Observatory after receiving a predicted position from French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier. Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus had suggested that another planet was exerting a gravitational pull. Rather than finding the object through a chance survey, the observers searched near the calculated position and compared what they saw with a star chart. John Couch Adams had independently worked on the same problem in Britain. The discovery became a celebrated demonstration of how mathematical predictions could guide observation and reveal previously unknown parts of the Solar System.

Berlin Observatory, Prussia

Discovery of Neptune

Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet orbiting the Sun. It is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 times the mass of Earth. Compared to Uranus, its neighbouring ice giant, Neptune is slightly smaller, but more massive and dense. Being composed primarily of gases and liquids, it has no well-defined solid surface.

Bismarck becomes Prussia's minister president

King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck minister president of Prussia during a constitutional confrontation over army reform and government spending. The king and the elected lower house had reached an impasse, and Bismarck offered a way to maintain the monarchy's program despite parliamentary resistance. His appointment began a long period of political leadership that transformed Prussia's position within Europe. In the years that followed, diplomacy and wars against Denmark, Austria, and France helped produce a German empire under Prussian leadership. The September appointment preceded those developments; it was not itself the date on which Germany became a unified state.

Kingdom of Prussia, present-day Germany

Battle of Wood Lake

The Battle of Wood Lake occurred on September 23, 1862, and was the final battle in the Dakota War of 1862. The two-hour battle, which actually took place at nearby Lone Tree Lake, was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces led by Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley. With heavy casualties inflicted on the Dakota forces led by Chief Little Crow, the "hostile" Dakota warriors dispersed.

Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle

The Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle, also known as the Battle of Athens, was fought near Athens, Alabama (Limestone County, Alabama), from September 23 to 25, 1864 as part of the American Civil War. In September 1864, General Nathan Bedford Forrest led his force into northern Alabama and middle Tennessee to disrupt the supply of William Tecumseh Sherman's army in Georgia.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

United States

Puerto Rico’s Grito de Lares uprising begins

Revolutionaries in the Puerto Rican town of Lares rose against Spanish colonial rule and proclaimed a republic. The movement was associated with organizers including Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis, whose plans connected independence with broader political and social reform. The rebels briefly took control of Lares, but their attempt to expand the uprising was defeated and many participants were arrested. Although the revolt did not achieve independence, it became an enduring reference point in Puerto Rican political history. Its anniversary recalls both opposition to colonial government and the wider nineteenth-century struggle over freedom, citizenship, and slavery in the Caribbean.

Lares, Spanish Puerto Rico

Battle of Surubí

The Battle of Surubí (also spelt Suruby, Surubi-í, Surubi-hi, etc.) was fought in 23 September 1868, during the opening stages of the Paraguayan War's Pikysyry campaign. The allied army marched north, towards Paraguay's capital Asunción after the fall of the fortress of Humaitá a few weeks earlier. On the morning of 23 September, the Brazilian vanguard under General Andrade Neves, Baron of Triunfo, met two Paraguayan detachments at a bridge over the Surubí stream and beat them.

Siege of Toul

The siege of Toul was the siege of the fortified French town of Toul from 16 August to 23 September 1870 by Prussian, Bavarian and Württemberg forces during the Franco-Prussian War. Toul controlled a railway line leading to Germany and it was vital for the Germans to secure it to resupply and reinforce their armies in northern France.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

France

Yellowstone Expedition of 1873

The Yellowstone Expedition of 1873 was an expedition of the United States Army in the summer of 1873 in Dakota Territory and Montana Territory, to survey a route for the Northern Pacific Railroad along the Yellowstone River. The expedition was under the overall command of Colonel David S. Stanley, with Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer second in command.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

An Aromanian cultural society is founded in Romania

The Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society was established in Romania as the successor to an earlier committee founded in 1860. It aimed to support the language and culture of Aromanian communities, whose populations were spread across the Balkans. The organization became involved in education and cultural activity and received recognition as a legal entity the following year. Its work also reflected a particular understanding of Aromanian identity: the society regarded Aromanians as part of the Romanian people while emphasizing their distinctive characteristics. That institutional position should be distinguished from the diverse identities and views held by Aromanian individuals and communities.

Romania

Greek legislative election, 1879

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 23 September 1879. Supporters of Alexandros Koumoundouros and Theodoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 100 of the 207 seats. Koumoundouros remained Prime Minister until 22 March the following year.

Greece

A shipwreck precedes the Tierra del Fuego gold rush

The French steamship Arctique ran aground near Cape Virgenes on the northern side of the Strait of Magellan. A rescue expedition subsequently found gold at nearby Zanja a Pique, and news of the discovery drew prospectors from Punta Arenas and farther afield. The rush later spread across parts of Tierra del Fuego, involving both Argentine and Chilean territories. Mining brought new settlements, commercial activity, and profound disruption to Indigenous communities. The anniversary marks the grounding that set this sequence in motion, rather than suggesting that the entire regional gold rush or its consequences happened on a single day.

The grounding occurred during the night of September 23–24; the later gold discovery followed the rescue expedition.

Cape Virgenes, Argentina

Ethiopian forces defeat the Mahdists at Kufit

Ethiopian forces led by Ras Alula defeated a Mahdist army associated with Osman Digna at Kufit. The engagement took place in the borderlands between the Ethiopian and Sudanese spheres of power, in what is now Eritrea. It formed part of the wider fighting linked to the rise of the Mahdist state in Sudan. Accounts differ on the sizes of the opposing armies, so precise strength and casualty estimates should be treated cautiously. The victory is a significant episode in Ras Alula's military career and in the history of conflict across the northeastern African highlands and lowlands.

The source dates the battle to September 22–23, 1885; this entry marks its concluding day.

Kufit, present-day Eritrea

Nintendo begins with a deck of cards

Fusajiro Yamauchi established the business that became Nintendo in Kyoto, Japan. Its original products were hanafuda, traditional playing cards decorated with flowers and other seasonal imagery. This was a small manufacturing enterprise, far removed from the electronic games with which the company would later be associated. Over subsequent decades, Nintendo expanded its card business and experimented with other products before moving into toys and electronic entertainment. Its founding illustrates how a familiar modern technology company can have roots in an older craft industry. The September anniversary refers to the original playing-card business, not the launch of a video-game console.

Kyoto, Japan

American forces destroy a coastal gun at Olongapo

American naval forces completed an operation against a Filipino coastal artillery position near Olongapo during the Philippine-American War. Earlier exchanges had demonstrated the danger posed by the gun to ships in Subic Bay. On the final day of the operation, a landing party went ashore under naval cover and destroyed the position. The fighting was part of the United States campaign against the First Philippine Republic after the end of Spanish colonial rule. Although relatively small, the engagement illustrates the importance of coastal defenses, naval firepower, and control of harbors in the wider struggle over Philippine independence.

The operation ran from September 18 to 23; this entry records its final action.

Olongapo and Subic Bay, Philippines

Norway and Sweden reach an agreement at Karlstad

Negotiators from Norway and Sweden concluded their discussions at Karlstad over the peaceful dissolution of their union. Norway's parliament had declared the union ended in June, and a Norwegian referendum had strongly supported that decision, but important issues still required negotiation. The settlement addressed matters including border defenses and helped avert armed conflict. Parliamentary approvals followed in October, and the Swedish king formally relinquished his claim to the Norwegian throne later that month. September 23 therefore marks the conclusion of the negotiations, not every legal step in separation. The process became a notable example of a negotiated end to a political union.

The agreement preceded parliamentary approvals and Sweden's formal recognition on October 26.

Karlstad, Sweden; negotiations over the union · Norway, state concerned by the separation agreement

1909 Rangitikei by-election

The 1909 Rangitikei by-election was a by-election held during the 17th New Zealand Parliament in the Rangitikei electorate of the North Island. This was the sixth by-election since the Rangitikei electorate was established for the 1861 election. The previous by-election took place in 1892 and the following one took place in 1978.

New Zealand

Colorado coal miners begin a major strike

Coal miners in southern Colorado began a strike supported by the United Mine Workers of America. The dispute concerned wages, working conditions, and union recognition in an industry where companies exercised extensive control over workers' employment and housing. Striking families were evicted from company homes and moved into tent colonies supported by the union, sometimes before adequate shelter was ready. Confrontations with mine guards and state forces escalated over the following months into the Colorado Coalfield War. The Ludlow Massacre occurred the next year. This anniversary records the beginning of the strike rather than placing that later violence on the same date.

Southern Colorado coalfields

Roland Garros flies nonstop across the Mediterranean

French aviator Roland Garros completed the first nonstop airplane crossing of the Mediterranean Sea, flying from the Fréjus–Saint-Raphaël area of southern France to Bizerte in Tunisia. He used a Morane-Saulnier monoplane for a journey lasting nearly eight hours. Engine difficulties during the crossing underscored the risks of early long-distance flight over water, where an emergency landing offered few safe options. The achievement added to Garros's reputation following earlier altitude records and air races. It belongs to the experimental era before regular passenger aviation, when individual flights tested the practical limits of aircraft engines, navigation, endurance, and fuel supply.

Fréjus–Saint-Raphaël, departure point · Bizerte, Tunisia, landing point

Ohrid–Debar uprising

The Ohrid–Debar uprising (Macedonian: Охридско-Дебaрско вoстание, romanized: Ohridsko-Debarsko vostanie; Bulgarian: Охридско-Дебърско въстание, romanized: Ohridsko-Debarsko vastanie; Albanian: Kryengritja e Ohrit dhe Dibrës) was an uprising by the population in Western Macedonia, then Kingdom of Serbia, in September 1913. It was organized by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and Albania against the Serbian capture of the regions of Ohrid, Debar and Struga after the Balkan Wars (1912–13).

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

North Macedonia

The United Mine Workers of America launch a strike which eventually escalated into the Colorado Coalfield War

The United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA) is a North American labor union best known for representing coal miners. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada. Although its main focus has always been on workers and their rights, the UMW of today also advocates for better roads, schools, and universal health care.

Battle of Mount Csindrel

The Battle of Mount Csindrel was a World War I military engagement between German and Romanian forces. It was part of the 1916 Battle of Transylvania and resulted in a tactical victory for the Romanians.

Romania

Battle of Taif (1916)

The Battle of Taif was fought between Ottoman forces and Syed Hussien bin Ali Sharif of Mecca in 1916. The Ottoman Army was in Taif, with Syed's forces besieging the city and after many weeks siege and fiercest struggle Syed's forces were able to capture the Taif. After the fall of Mecca in July 1916 the fall of Taif was a major blow for Turks who were fighting in First World War against Britain.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Indian cavalry captures Haifa

Indian cavalry serving in the British Empire's forces captured Haifa during the closing months of the First World War. Units including the Jodhpur and Mysore Lancers attacked defended positions near the town as Ottoman forces retreated after the Battle of Megiddo. The fighting involved difficult ground between the Kishon River and Mount Carmel, with artillery and machine guns protecting the approaches. Securing Haifa gave the advancing army access to a useful port closer to its front. The engagement is remembered particularly in India, where the contribution of the cavalry regiments is commemorated through the annual observance of Haifa Day.

Haifa, then Ottoman Palestine

The 1920 Louisiana hurricane dissipates over Kansas

The hurricane that had struck Louisiana earlier in the week dissipated over eastern Kansas on September 23. It had developed in the western Caribbean, crossed Central America and the Yucatán Peninsula, then intensified over the Gulf of Mexico before reaching the Louisiana coast as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm forced thousands of people to leave Galveston Island, brought damaging winds and heavy rain to the Gulf Coast, and disrupted rail lines. Its recorded toll was two deaths and about $1.45 million in damage in 1920 dollars. This anniversary marks the end of the storm, rather than its earlier landfall near Houma.

Eastern Kansas, United States — dissipation location

Battle of Sejny

The Battle of Sejny (Polish: Bitwa o Sejny), Battle of Suwałki (Lithuanian: Suvalkų mūšis) or Sejny-Augustów operation (Lithuanian: Seinų-Augustavo operacija) took place during 2–23 September 1920, between the Polish and Lithuanian armies in the Suwałki Region. The fighting was especially focused on the towns of Sejny, Suwałki and Augustów (now in Poland).

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is proclaimed

The territories ruled by Abdulaziz Ibn Saud were brought together under the name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The proclamation followed decades of military campaigns and political consolidation on the Arabian Peninsula, including the establishment of his authority over Nejd and the Hejaz. The new kingdom joined regions with different local histories under a single monarchy. September 23 subsequently became the date of Saudi National Day, commemorating the unification and the adoption of the country's modern name. The anniversary concerns this political formation in 1932, rather than the beginning of settlement, culture, or earlier Saudi states in the peninsula.

Hejaz and Nejd, Arabian Peninsula

Saudi Arabia: Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia that occupies the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. Covering a land area of approximately 2,149,690 km2 (830,000 sq mi), it is the fifth-largest country in Asia and the twelfth-largest in the world.

1934 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 1934 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 47th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1934 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.

Ireland

EMLL 4th Anniversary Show

The EMLL 4th Anniversary Show was a professional wrestling major show event produced by Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL, later renamed Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, CMLL) that took place on September 23, 1937 in Arena Modelo (In the same location Arena México was built years later), in Mexico City, Mexico. The event commemorated the fourth anniversary of EMLL, which would become the oldest still active professional wrestling promotion in the world. The Anniversary show is EMLL's biggest show of the year, their Super Bowl event.

Mexico City, Mexico

Westinghouse buries a message for the distant future

Westinghouse buried a time capsule at the site of the coming New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows. Designed to remain unopened until the year 6939, it contained objects and records intended to describe twentieth-century life to people thousands of years in the future. Its contents combined everyday materials with written and visual information, while a widely distributed Book of Record explained its purpose and location. The project helped popularize the expression 'time capsule.' It was both a corporate exhibition and an ambitious exercise in historical preservation, reflecting contemporary hopes and anxieties about what future civilizations might understand of the present.

Flushing Meadows, New York City

Battle of Krasnobród (1939)

The World War II Battle of Krasnobród took place on 23 September 1939 near the town of Krasnobród. It was fought between the forces of the Polish Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Invasion of Poland. It was one of the last battles in European warfare in which cavalry was used on both sides.

Krasnobród, Poland

Battle of Kodziowce

The Battle of Kodziowce was a battle that took place at Kodziowce (now in modern Belarus) that occurred on 23-24 September 1939 during the Soviet invasion of Poland. It was fought between the Polish Wołkowysk Cavalry Brigade commanded by Wacław Przeździecki and Edmund Heldut-Tarnasiewicz who were retreating from the Battle of Grodno (1939) and the Soviet 2nd Light Armoured Brigade under Col. Alexey Kurkin.

Fighting along the Matanikau opens on Guadalcanal

United States Marines began an operation west of their defensive perimeter on Guadalcanal, opening the September fighting near the Matanikau River. Japanese troops were established in the area as both sides sought to improve their positions during the wider Guadalcanal campaign. The fighting developed over several days and involved difficult terrain, incomplete information, and problems coordinating separated Marine units. The September operation failed to remove the Japanese forces from the area, and further battles followed in October. These actions formed part of the struggle for control of Guadalcanal and its strategically important airfield during the Pacific war.

This entry marks the beginning of the September 23–27 action, not its outcome on the first day.

Matanikau River, Guadalcanal

Mussolini's German-backed republic is proclaimed

The Italian Social Republic was proclaimed with Benito Mussolini at its head after his rescue from captivity by German forces. It emerged following his removal from power in July and Italy's armistice with the Allies in September. Dependent on Nazi Germany, the new fascist regime claimed authority over Italy but operated principally in German-occupied northern and central areas. Government offices were dispersed, with Salò becoming closely associated with the regime. Its establishment deepened Italy's division between competing authorities and helped frame the ensuing civil war. The republic lasted until the collapse of Axis control in Italy in the spring of 1945.

German-occupied Italy

The final liquidation of the Vilna Ghetto begins

Nazi authorities began the final liquidation of the Vilna Ghetto, dismantling a Jewish community already devastated by mass murder, forced labor, and deportation. Residents were selected for deportation to camps or killed, while a limited number of workers remained temporarily in separate labor facilities. The destruction extended across more than one day and followed earlier waves of persecution since the German occupation of the city. Despite the conditions, ghetto residents had sustained educational, cultural, and resistance activities. The September liquidation marks a central episode in the Holocaust in Lithuania and the destruction of one of Eastern Europe's major Jewish cultural centers.

The principal liquidation is dated September 23–24; deportations and killings were part of a longer process.

Vilnius, under Nazi German occupation

Operation Achse

Operation Achse (German: Fall Achse, lit. 'Case Axis'), originally called Operation Alaric (Unternehmen Alarich), was the German operation to forcibly disarm the Italian armed forces after Italy's armistice with the Allies on 3 September 1943. Several German divisions had entered Italy after the fall of Benito Mussolini in July 1943, while Italy was officially still an ally of Germany, despite the protests of the new Italian government under Pietro Badoglio.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Italy

Convoys ONS 18/ON 202

ONS 18 and ON 202 were North Atlantic convoys of the ONS/ON series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II. They were the subject of a major U-boat attack in September 1943, the first battle in the Kriegsmarine's autumn offensive, following the withdrawal from the North Atlantic route after Black May.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was a Gaelic football match played at Croke Park on 23 September 1945 to determine the winners of the 1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the 59th season of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champions of the four provinces of Ireland.

War in southern Vietnam (1945–1946)

The 1945–1946 War in Southern Vietnam, codenamed Operation Masterdom by the British, and also known as the Southern Resistance War (Vietnamese: Nam Bộ kháng chiến) by the Vietnamese, was an armed conflict in Vietnam south of the 16th parallel during which British-Indian and French forces fought to suppress Vietnamese independence movements, which included non-communist nationalists, Trotskyists, and the Stalinist-front Viet Minh, to take control of the southern half of the country.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

A destructive earthquake strikes northeastern Iran

A powerful earthquake struck the area around Dustabad in northeastern Iran, devastating small and often remote settlements. Modern estimates place the mainshock at about magnitude 6.9. A substantial aftershock followed three days later and contributed to the destruction, making it difficult to separate every reported loss between the two events. Hundreds of people died, with estimates commonly around 500 for the sequence. Damage affected villages near Dustabad, Charmeh, Sarayan, and Ferdows. Later investigations examined possible fault ruptures, but the limited contemporary observations left uncertainties about the precise source. The disaster illustrates the difficulties of reconstructing older earthquakes in sparsely documented regions.

September 23 marks the mainshock; casualty estimates may include the September 26 aftershock.

Dustabad and surrounding settlements, Iran

Truman announces evidence of a Soviet atomic explosion

President Harry Truman publicly announced that the United States had evidence of a recent atomic explosion in the Soviet Union. American monitoring had detected radioactive material following the Soviet Union's first nuclear test, conducted in August at Semipalatinsk in what is now Kazakhstan. The announcement ended public uncertainty about whether the American nuclear monopoly still held and marked an important stage in the Cold War arms race. Truman also renewed the case for international control of atomic energy. This anniversary concerns the public disclosure, not the test itself, which had taken place several weeks before the September statement.

The RDS-1 test took place on August 29; September 23 is the American announcement.

United States presidential announcement

Congress overrides Truman's veto of the Internal Security Act

The United States Congress enacted the Internal Security Act over President Harry Truman's veto. Often called the McCarran Act, it required organizations classified as communist to register with federal authorities and established a board to investigate alleged subversive activity. Other provisions concerned detention during emergencies and restrictions on entry and citizenship. Truman had objected that the measure threatened civil liberties while offering ineffective protection against genuine security threats. Its passage came during the Korean War and an intense period of domestic anticommunism. Subsequent court decisions and legislation limited or removed important provisions, reflecting the continuing conflict between national security claims and constitutional protections.

United States Congress, Washington, D.C.

British troops face a disastrous air strike on Hill 282

British troops of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders captured Hill 282 during operations near the Naktong River in the Korean War. North Korean forces then counterattacked from nearby higher ground, placing the British position under intense pressure. An American air strike intended to assist the ground fighting instead hit the British-held hill after failures in identification and communication. Napalm and gunfire caused severe casualties and forced survivors to withdraw. Major Kenneth Muir helped organize resistance and evacuation and was later awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously. The battle became a particularly costly example of the dangers of poorly coordinated air support.

Near Seongju, South Korea

1951 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 1951 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 64th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1951 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Mayo and Meath met to decide the destination of the Sam Maguire Cup.

Ireland

George VI, king of the United Kingdom, has his left lung removed in an operation after a malignant tumour was found

George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947, though the title was only formally relinquished in June 1948.

Richard Nixon delivers the Checkers speech

Republican vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon addressed a national television and radio audience after controversy arose over a fund used to reimburse his political expenses. Speaking from Los Angeles, he presented details of his finances and defended his conduct. The address became known for his reference to Checkers, a dog given to his family, which he said they would keep. The public response helped him retain his place alongside Dwight D. Eisenhower on the Republican ticket. The speech became an influential example of a politician using television to make a personal appeal directly to voters during a national campaign.

Los Angeles, California

1952 Lebanese presidential election

An indirect presidential election was held in the Parliament of Lebanon in 1952 following the end of Fouad Chehab's military cabinet. The Parliament of Lebanon elected Camille Chamoun, who at that time was an ally of Kamal Jumblatt and a member of the Progressive Socialist Party parliamentary bloc, as the next president of Lebanon on 23 September 1952 to officially succeed Bechara Khoury's term becoming the second president of the Lebanese Republic.

Lebanon

After being accused of financial improprieties, Senator Richard Nixon delivers his "Checkers speech" nationwide on television and radio, defending his actions and successfully salvaging his nomination as the Republican candidate for Vice President

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he represented California in both houses of the United States Congress before serving as the 36th vice president under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961.

An all-white jury acquits Emmett Till's killers

An all-white jury in Sumner, Mississippi, acquitted Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam of murdering fourteen-year-old Emmett Till. The verdict followed a trial that drew national attention to racial violence and the exclusion of Black citizens from equal protection under the law. Till had been abducted and killed in August while visiting relatives in Mississippi. His mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, insisted on an open-casket funeral, making the brutality of his death visible to a wide public. The acquittal, followed by the defendants' later admission of responsibility in a magazine account, became a powerful reference point for the civil rights movement.

Sumner, Mississippi

Revolución Libertadora

The Revolución Libertadora (Spanish pronunciation: [reβoluˈsjon liβeɾtaˈðoɾa]; Liberating Revolution) as it named itself, was the civic-military dictatorship that ruled the Argentine Republic after overthrowing President Juan Domingo Perón, shutting down the National Congress, removing members of the Supreme Court, as well as provincial, municipal, and university authorities, and placing the entire Judiciary under commission. This occurred through a coup d'état on 16 September 1955.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Argentina

Kyrenia Castle Escape

The Kyrenia Castle Escape took place early in the Cyprus Emergency. A number of the EOKA were being held prisoner at Kyrenia Castle and on 23 September 1955, sixteen of them escaped by climbing down sheets tied to be a rope. The escapees were: Marcos Drakos, Christakis Eleftheriou, Evangelos Evangelakis, Mikis Fyrillas, Lambros Kafkallides, Constantinos Loizou, Pavlos Nikitas, Petros Papaioannou, Panayiotis Papanastasiou, Andreas Polyviou, Michalakis Rossides, Lefkios Rodosthenous, Stelios Siamisis, Petros Stylianou, Demos Vryonides, Charilaos Xenofontos.

Cyprus

Flossy strengthens into a hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico

Flossy became a hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico on September 23, 1956, after moving from the eastern Pacific across Central America and the Yucatán Peninsula. It had become a tropical storm the previous day. The hurricane later reached winds of about 90 miles per hour and struck the central United States Gulf Coast on September 24 as a Category 1 storm. Its effects included flooding around New Orleans and interruptions to offshore oil production; across its course, fifteen people died and damage was estimated at about $24.8 million in 1956 dollars. The coastal landfall belongs to the following day's chronology.

Gulf of Mexico — intensification at sea

1956 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final

The 1956 Final was the 69th final of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and the culmination of the 1956 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Croke Park, Dublin, on 23 September 1956, between Cork and Wexford. The Munster champions lost to their Leinster opponents on a score line of 2-14 to 2-8.

Ireland

The Little Rock Nine enter Central High amid mob violence

Nine Black students entered Little Rock Central High School under police protection as an angry segregationist crowd gathered outside. Threats and violence made it impossible for them to remain safely, and the students were taken out before completing a normal school day. The confrontation followed earlier efforts by Arkansas's governor to prevent their attendance despite federal desegregation orders. President Dwight Eisenhower subsequently placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent federal troops. Those orders came the next day, and the students returned under military escort on September 25. The episode exposed fierce resistance to implementing school desegregation.

September 23 marks entry and evacuation; the federal troop order was issued September 24.

Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas

Little Rock schools integration crisis: President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock, Arkansas, and federalizes the Arkansas National Guard, ordering both to support the integration of Little Rock Central High School

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. In his previous military career, he commanded the Allied Expeditionary Force during World War II, including in Operation Torch in North Africa and Operation Overlord on D-Day in Normandy. For his distinguished service in the U.S.

EMLL 27th Anniversary Show

The EMLL 27th Anniversary Show was a professional wrestling major show event produced by Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) that took place on September 23, 1960 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The event commemorated the 27th anniversary of EMLL, which would become the oldest professional wrestling promotion in the world. The Anniversary show is EMLL's biggest show of the year, their Super Bowl event.

Mexico City, Mexico

Invasion of South Kasai

In August 1960 troops of the Republic of the Congo (presently Democratic Republic of the Congo) attempted to crush the secession of South Kasai by invading the declared state's territory. Though initially militarily successful, the attack faltered under intense international and domestic political scrutiny and the Congolese troops were withdrawn. The Congo became independent in June 1960, and the following month the province of Katanga seceded from the country.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy nominates African American civil rights lawyer Thurgood Marshall to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, although pro-segregation Southern senators manage to delay his confirmation until September 11, 1962

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as JFK, was the 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest person elected president, at 43 years, and the first Catholic president. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba.

The Jetsons introduces a television vision of the future

The Jetsons premiered on the American television network ABC, presenting a family sitcom set in an imagined future of flying cars, robotic assistance, and elaborate automated homes. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, the animated series offered a Space Age counterpart to their prehistoric comedy The Flintstones. Its original prime-time run lasted only one season, but repeated broadcasts later made its characters and inventions familiar to generations of viewers. The premiere also marked ABC's first program broadcast in color. The show's lasting cultural importance lies less in accurate prediction than in its playful portrayal of everyday hopes and frustrations about technology.

ABC television network, United States

Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall opens

Philharmonic Hall opened at Lincoln Center with a concert featuring Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic. It was the first completed building in the ambitious performing arts complex on Manhattan's Upper West Side. The opening was televised and introduced audiences to a new home for the orchestra, although reactions to the hall's acoustics were mixed. Attempts to improve the sound led to substantial alterations in later years. The building was subsequently renamed Avery Fisher Hall and then David Geffen Hall. Its opening marked an important stage in the development of Lincoln Center as a major American cultural institution.

Lincoln Center, New York City

A transatlantic airliner ditches after engine failures

Flying Tiger Line Flight 923 ditched in the North Atlantic after a sequence of engine failures and an operating error left the aircraft unable to continue its journey. The Lockheed Super Constellation was carrying military passengers and crew from North America toward West Germany, with a stop at Gander. Its crew attempted to divert toward Shannon before making the emergency water landing. Of the 76 people aboard, 48 survived and were rescued by the merchant ship Celerina after hours on a life raft. The accident became a notable example of survival and rescue during a long-distance oceanic aviation emergency.

The accident occurred in international waters. Europe is a browsing association with the nearby Irish coast, not a sovereignty claim.

North Atlantic, about 800 km west of Shannon, Ireland

1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 75th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. This marked the first occasion on which the final was televised.

Ireland

Battle of Ichogil Bund

The Battle of Ichogil Bund also known as the Battle of BRB Canal was a skirmish fought from 22 to 23 September 1965 as part of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 by the 9th Battalion Madras Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel B.K. Satyan.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Pakistan

India–Pakistan war of 1965

The India–Pakistan war of 1965, also known as the second Kashmir war, was an armed conflict between Pakistan and India that took place from August 1965 to September 1965. The conflict began following Pakistan's unsuccessful Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

A sudden squall capsizes fishing boats on Lake Michigan

A sudden squall struck hundreds of small boats fishing for coho salmon off Michigan's Lake Michigan shore on September 23, 1967. More than 150 boats capsized; seven people died and 46 were injured. Michigan had stocked rivers feeding the lake with coho salmon, and the resulting run had drawn unusually large numbers of anglers onto the water during the state's first coho sport-fishing season. Many were using small craft vulnerable to rapidly changing conditions. The disaster became a stark example of how a short-lived weather event can overwhelm a crowded recreational fleet, even without a major named storm.

Lake Michigan, off Michigan, United States

Syrian invasion of Jordan

The Syrian invasion of Jordan began on 18 September 1970 in support of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) amid Black September. Syria conducted a short-lived incursion toward Irbid in northern Jordan, before being forced to withdraw due to heavy casualties. Syria's supposed aim was to help the Palestinian fedayeen overthrow the Hashemite monarchy.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Jordan

The Women's Tennis Association was founded in June 1973 by Billie Jean King, Its origins trace back to the inaugural Virginia Slims tournament, which was arranged by Gladys Heldman, sponsored by Joe Cullman, CEO of Philip Morris, and held on 23 September 1970 at the Houston Racquet Club in Houston, Texas

The Women's Tennis Association (WTA) is the principal organizing body of women's professional tennis. The association governs the WTA Tour, which is the worldwide professional tennis tour for women. The WTA was founded to create a better future for women's tennis. The WTA's corporate headquarters is in St. Petersburg, Florida, with its European headquarters in London and its Asia-Pacific headquarters in Beijing.

Juan Perón wins Argentina’s presidential election

Argentine voters elected Juan Domingo Perón president in a special election held after the resignation of Héctor Cámpora. Perón had returned from years of exile following his removal from power in 1955. His wife, Isabel Perón, stood as his running mate and was elected vice president. Their ticket won a clear majority of the vote against opponents including Ricardo Balbín. The result returned Perón to the presidency for a third term, amid serious divisions within the Peronist movement and wider political unrest. The election was a pivotal moment in Argentina's brief and turbulent return to constitutional government during the 1970s.

Argentina

1973 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 1973 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was a Gaelic football match played at Croke Park on 23 September 1973 to determine the winners of the 1973 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the 87th season of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champions of the four provinces of Ireland.

The BBC begins its Ceefax information service

The BBC began an experimental Ceefax service, transmitting pages of text through its television signal. Viewers with compatible receivers could select information such as news, weather, and sporting results using numbered pages. The initial service contained only a small collection of pages, but it developed into a familiar source of regularly updated information in British homes. Ceefax was the first teletext information service and preceded widespread household internet access by many years. Its simple display and broadcast delivery made it a distinctive form of on-demand reading. The service continued until the completion of the United Kingdom's digital television transition in 2012.

BBC television service, United Kingdom

1976 United States presidential debates

The 1976 United States presidential debates were a series of debates held during the 1976 presidential election. The League of Women Voters organized four debates among the major party candidates, sponsored three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate. Three presidential debates were held between Republican nominee Gerald Ford and Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter. One vice presidential debate was held between their respective vice presidential running mates, Bob Dole and Walter Mondale.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

United States

EMLL 44th Anniversary Show (1)

Mexican professional wrestling promotion Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) celebrated their 44th anniversary with two professional wrestling major shows centering on the anniversary date in mid to late September. The first EMLL 44th Anniversary Show took place on September 23, 1977, in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico to commemorate the anniversary of EMLL, which over time became the oldest professional wrestling promotion in the world.

Mexico City, Mexico

1978 Israel Super Cup

The 1978 Israel Super Cup was the eighth Israel Super Cup (13th, including unofficial matches, as the competition wasn't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions, until 1969), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup.

1979 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship final

The 1979 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship final was a hurling match that was played at O'Moore Park, Portlaoise on 23 September 1979 to determine the winners of the 1979 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship, the 16th season of the All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion teams of the four provinces of Ireland.

Bob Marley gives his last concert in Pittsburgh

Bob Marley performed at Pittsburgh's Stanley Theater during the American leg of the Uprising tour. It became his final concert. The Jamaican musician had helped bring reggae to an international audience, combining distinctive rhythms with songs about faith, freedom, inequality, and resistance. He appeared in Pittsburgh despite a serious deterioration in his health, having collapsed in New York only days earlier. The remaining tour dates were canceled as he sought treatment for advanced cancer. Marley died the following year. The concert is remembered as the closing live performance of an artist whose influence extended far beyond Jamaica and the reggae genre.

Stanley Theater, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Central and Western District Board election, 1982

The 1982 Central and Western District Board election was the first election held on 23 September 1982 to elect all 5 elected to the 17-member Central and Western District Board.

Hong Kong

1982 Wan Chai District Board election

The 1982 Wan Chai District Board election was held on 23 September to elect all 5 elected members to the 17-member Wan Chai District Board.

Hong Kong

Saint Kitts and Nevis joins the United Nations

Saint Kitts and Nevis became a member of the United Nations shortly after gaining independence from the United Kingdom. The Security Council had recommended admission the previous day, and membership followed through the General Assembly. The new federation, comprising two Caribbean islands, entered the organization under the name Saint Christopher and Nevis, which remained its United Nations designation for several years. Admission gave the independent state a place in the General Assembly and participation in the organization's international work. September 23 marks United Nations membership, while the country's independence anniversary falls on September 19. These are separate milestones in its transition to sovereignty.

The admission took place at the UN in New York; the country filter also identifies the admitted state.

Saint Kitts and Nevis, state admitted to the UN · United Nations headquarters, New York City

A bomb destroys Gulf Air Flight 771

Gulf Air Flight 771 crashed in the United Arab Emirates after a bomb exploded in its baggage compartment. The Boeing 737 was flying from Karachi to Abu Dhabi and was approaching its destination when the explosion caused a fire. All 105 passengers and seven crew members died. The aircraft came down in the desert near Jebel Ali, between Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Investigations established that the disaster resulted from an intentional bombing rather than an ordinary mechanical failure. The attack has been attributed to the Abu Nidal organization and remains one of the deadliest aviation disasters in the country's history.

Desert near Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates

EMLL 50th Anniversary Show

The EMLL 50th Anniversary Show was a professional wrestling major show event produced by Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) that took place on September 23, 1983 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The event commemorated the 50th anniversary of EMLL, which would become the oldest professional wrestling promotion in the world. The Anniversary show is EMLL's biggest show of the year, their Super Bowl event. The main event was the culmination of a long running, intense storyline between Sangre Chicana and MS-1, with both men putting their hair on the line against the outcome of their Lucha de Apuestas, bet match.

Mexico City, Mexico

1984 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 1984 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 97th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1984 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. This was one of six All-Ireland SFC finals contested by both Dublin and Kerry between 1974 and 1986, a period when one of either team always contested the decider.

Ireland

1986 Togolese coup attempt

The 1986 Togolese coup d'état attempt was a coup attempt that occurred in the West African country of Togo on 23 September 1986. The coup attempt consisted of a group of some 70 armed dissidents crossed into capital Lomé from Ghana in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the government of President General Gnassingbé Eyadéma.

Lomé, Togo

José Canseco becomes baseball's first 40–40 player

Oakland Athletics outfielder José Canseco reached forty stolen bases in a season in which he had already hit forty home runs. He became the first Major League Baseball player to achieve both totals in the same season, establishing what became known as the 40–40 club. The milestone came in a game against the Milwaukee Brewers and combined two skills often associated with different kinds of players: power hitting and aggressive baserunning. Canseco finished the season with forty-two home runs and forty stolen bases. His achievement became a benchmark for later players seeking an exceptional combination of speed and power.

Milwaukee County Stadium, Wisconsin

1988 Maldivian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in the Maldives on 23 September 1988. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom was the sole candidate nominated by Parliament. His candidacy was approved by 96.4% of voters.

1990 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship final

The 1990 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final, the 59th event of its type, is the culmination of the 1990 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship. Wexford did score the first point, but thereafter it was all in favour of Kilkenny with the Downey sisters got 1-9 between them.

Ireland

FMW 2nd Anniversary Show

FMW 2nd Anniversary Show: Fall Spectacular (1991) was a professional wrestling event produced by Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). The event took place on September 23, 1991 at the Kawasaki Stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. This was FMW's first show at the venue and it would become a venue for FMW's future major events. This was the second edition of the company's flagship event Anniversary Show, commemorating the second anniversary of the company.

Japan

1991 New Brunswick general election

The 1991 New Brunswick general election was held on September 23, 1991, to elect 58 members to the 52nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. As expected, the Liberal Party won a large majority. Many were surprised that the Confederation of Regions Party formed the official opposition.

Sydney wins the vote to host the 2000 Olympics

The International Olympic Committee selected Sydney to host the 2000 Summer Olympics at its session in Monte Carlo. Sydney defeated Beijing in the final round by forty-five votes to forty-three, after other shortlisted cities had been eliminated. The result set in motion years of preparation for the Games in Australia, including construction and redevelopment around the Olympic precinct. It was a host-city decision, not the opening of the competition itself. The announcement occurred on September 23 in Monaco, while celebrations in Sydney took place early on September 24 because of the time difference. The Games were held seven years later.

September 23 in Monaco was already September 24 in Sydney; Australia is indexed as the awarded host location.

IOC host-city vote, Monte Carlo · Sydney, awarded host city

Battle of Newry Road

The Battle of Newry Road was a running gun battle between British helicopters and Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) armed trucks, fought along the lanes east of Crossmaglen, County Armagh, on 23 September 1993. The engagement began when an IRA team from the South Armagh Brigade attempted to ambush three helicopters lifting off from Crossmaglen barracks.

County Armagh, United Kingdom

UWF Blackjack Brawl

Blackjack Brawl was the first and only major live television supercard event produced by Herb Abrams' Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF). The event took place on September 23, 1994 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada and aired live on SportsChannel America. The event was a successor to UWF's only pay-per-view event, Beach Brawl. Eleven professional wrestling matches were contested on the card.

Las Vegas, United States · Nevada, United States

Qantas Flight 1 overruns a runway in Bangkok

A Qantas Boeing 747 operating Flight 1 overran the runway while landing at Bangkok's Don Mueang airport during a journey from Sydney to London. The aircraft was making a scheduled stop in heavy rain, and its landing and braking performance left insufficient distance to stop before the runway ended. All 410 people aboard survived, although passengers and crew suffered injuries during the accident and evacuation. The aircraft sustained major damage. The subsequent investigation examined the landing decisions, wet-runway conditions, and airline procedures. The event became an important case in discussions of runway overruns and the management of approaches in adverse weather.

Don Mueang International Airport, Bangkok

Contact with Mars Climate Orbiter is lost

NASA lost contact with Mars Climate Orbiter during its attempted arrival in orbit around Mars. The spacecraft had been sent to study the planet's climate and atmosphere and to support communications for another mission. An investigation identified a mismatch between measurement units in ground software: one system supplied impulse data in pound-force seconds while another expected newton-seconds. The resulting navigation errors brought the spacecraft dangerously close to Mars. The failure became a widely studied engineering case, illustrating the importance of consistent interfaces, independent checks, and the handling of warning signs across teams responsible for a complex space mission.

The event happened at Mars; the location filter identifies the mission’s Earth-based operations.

NASA/JPL mission operations, California

Yemeni presidential election, 1999

Direct presidential elections were held in Yemen for the first time on 23 September 1999. Candidates had to be approved by at least 10% of the 301 members of the House of Representatives; however, in practice this meant that only two parties, the ruling General People's Congress (GPC) and Al-Islah had enough seats to nominate their candidates. However, al-Islah backed the GPC candidate, incumbent President Ali Abdullah Saleh rather than running a candidate of their own. The only candidates that received approval from Parliament were Saleh and Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi, another member of the GPC.

Yemen

1999 Hamilton South by-election

A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Hamilton South was held on 23 September 1999, following the resignation of incumbent Labour Party MP George Robertson upon his appointment as Secretary General of NATO. It was won by Bill Tynan, who held seat for Labour. On 4 August 1999, incumbent MP George Robertson was announced as the new NATO Secretary General.

United Kingdom

1999 Wigan by-election

A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Wigan was held on 23 September 1999 following the death of incumbent Labour Party MP Roger Stott. Neil Turner, who had been a local Labour councillor for 27 years, held the seat for the party. The by-election was contested by nine candidates in total. The Conservatives chose Tom Peet, who was an active Trade Unionist and had worked at a nearby coal mine.

United Kingdom

2000 Scottish National Party leadership election

There was a Scottish National Party leadership election to choose the new National Convener of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 2000. The election followed the announcement by SNP Leader Alex Salmond, that he would be stepping down as SNP leader in 2000. Salmond's announcement came in the face of internal criticism after a series of high-profile fall-outs with party members.

Macau holds its first legislative election after the handover

Voters in Macau elected representatives to the Legislative Assembly in the first legislative election held after the territory became a Chinese special administrative region in 1999. Ten of the assembly's twenty-seven seats were filled by direct popular election, alongside seats chosen through other methods. Competing electoral associations represented different political and social interests, and several lists gained representation. The poll was an important stage in the development of Macau's post-handover institutions under its Basic Law. It should not be described as an election of the entire legislature by universal vote, because directly elected members constituted only part of the assembly.

Macau Special Administrative Region, China

Polish parliamentary election, 2001

The 2001 Polish parliamentary election was held on 23 September 2001 to elect deputies to both houses of the National Assembly. The election concluded with an overwhelming victory for the centre-left Democratic Left Alliance – Labor Union, the electoral coalition between both the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Labour Union (UP), which captured 41% of the vote in the crucial lower house Sejm. The 2001 election is recognized as marking the emergence of both Civic Platform (PO) and Law and Justice (PiS) as players in Polish politics, while also witnessing the outright collapse of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) and its former coalition partner, the Freedom Union (UW).

Poland

Hamburg state election, 2001

The Hamburg state election, 2001, was conducted on September 23, 2001, to elect members to the Hamburgische Bürgerschaft (state and city legislature) of Hamburg. It was the 17th legislative period of the parliament.

Hamburg, Germany

Unforgiven (2001)

The 2001 Unforgiven was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It was the fourth annual Unforgiven and took place on September 23, 2001, at the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the last Unforgiven held before the introduction of the brand extension in March 2002 and also the final Unforgiven held under the WWF name as the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2002.

Pennsylvania, United States

2001 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 2001 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 114th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 2001 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Galway defeated Meath. Neither side contested a final again until Galway's semi-final victory over Derry in 2022.

Ireland

Phoenix 0.1 begins the browser project later named Firefox

Mozilla developers released Phoenix 0.1, an early standalone web browser that would later be renamed Firefox. The project sought to provide a more focused browsing application than the larger Mozilla suite, which combined browsing with other internet tools. Its first public version allowed users and developers to test that approach and contribute feedback. Phoenix subsequently changed names before Firefox reached its widely publicized 1.0 release in 2004. The September anniversary therefore marks the initial Phoenix release, rather than the launch of Firefox 1.0. It is an early milestone in the growth of an open-source alternative within the browser market.

This was an online software release; the country identifies the US-based Mozilla project, not every contributor's location.

Mozilla project, United States; release distributed online

United Malays National Organisation leadership election, 2004

A leadership election was held by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party on 23 September 2004. It was won by incumbent Prime Minister and acting President of UMNO, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

Malaysia

Aruban general election, 2005

General elections were held in Aruba on 23 September 2005. They were won by the People's Electoral Movement, which took 11 of the 21 seats in the Estates.

Aruba

CMLL International Gran Prix (2005)

The CMLL International Gran Prix (2005) was a lucha libre, or professional wrestling, tournament produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL; "World Wrestling Council" in Spanish) which took place on September 23, 2005 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico, CMLL's main venue. The 2005 International Gran Prix was the eight time CMLL has held an International Gran Prix tournament since 1994.

Mexico City, Mexico

Estonian presidential election, 2006

Estonian presidential elections, 2006 took place over four rounds, which were held on 28 and 29 August, and 23 September 2006. The first three rounds of presidential elections was held within the Riigikogu, which was Estonia's Parliament, as specified under electoral law. Although there was only one candidate per round in the three rounds, those being Ene Ergma in the first round and Toomas Hendrik Ilves in the second and third rounds, they were not elected as these candidates did not obtain the required two-thirds of the votes in the Riigikogu.

Estonia

UFC 63

UFC 63: Hughes vs. Penn was a mixed martial arts (MMA) event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on September 23, 2006. The event took place at the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California and was broadcast live on pay-per-view (PPV) in the United States and Canada.

Anaheim, California, United States · California, United States

2006 Stuart by-election

A by-election for the seat of Stuart in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was held on 23 September 2006. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Labor member Peter Toyne, the Minister for Health, on 29 August 2006 due to ill health. The seat had been held by the Labor Party since 1983, with Toyne as the member since 1996.

Ramadan Offensive (2006)

The Ramadan Offensive refers to the attacks mounted by insurgents in Iraq during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan in 2006, three years after the original Ramadan Offensive. Among the targets were U.S., Iraqi and other Coalition military targets, but many civilians were also killed by death squads. Most of the civilian killings were conducted by the Mahdi Army who were seeking to purge the Sunni population of Baghdad.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Iraq

2007 Liberal Democratic Party presidential election

The 2007 Liberal Democratic Party presidential election was held on 23 September 2007 after the incumbent party leader and Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe announced that he would resign on 12 September 2007. Abe had only been elected to the post slightly less than a year earlier; his resignation came only three days after a new parliamentary session had begun.

Japan

2007 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final

The 2007 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Final featured Cork and Mayo. Cork completed a three in a row of All-Ireland titles. Valerie Mulcahy scored 2–1 as Cork won 2–11 to 2–6. Mulcahy scored her first goal from the penalty spot just before half time. The decision to award the penalty was described as "questionable" and was only confirmed after the referee, Eugene O'Hare, consulted with his umpires.

Ireland

The first commercial Android phone is unveiled

HTC and its partners introduced the Dream, marketed in the United States as the T-Mobile G1, as the first commercial smartphone to run Android. The device combined a touchscreen with a slide-out physical keyboard and integrated services associated with Google's mobile software platform. Its announcement introduced the public to a new competitor in a smartphone market already shaped by established handset makers and Apple's iPhone. Sales began later, so September 23 records the unveiling rather than the first retail purchase. The phone became the starting point for the commercial Android device ecosystem, which subsequently expanded across many manufacturers and product designs.

T-Mobile G1 announcement, New York City

A school shooting kills ten people in Kauhajoki

A student attacked a school in Kauhajoki, western Finland, killing ten people before fatally shooting himself. The victims included students and a staff member, and the attack also involved fires inside the building. It followed the previous year's school shooting at Jokela and prompted renewed national debate over firearm licensing, school safety, and the handling of warning signs. Police had interviewed the attacker before the shooting after concerning material appeared online, but had not removed his weapon. Later investigations examined the decisions made by authorities and recommended changes. The anniversary commemorates the victims and a major tragedy in Finland's recent history.

Kauhajoki, Finland

Dream 6

Dream 6: Middle Weight Grandprix 2008 Final Round was a mixed martial arts event promoted by Fighting and Entertainment Group's mixed martial arts promotion Dream on September 23, 2008. The event hosted the crowning of Dream's first Middleweight Champion, Gegard Mousasi, after the conclusion of the Middleweight Grand Prix.

World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 10

World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 10 was a mixed martial arts event promoted by World Victory Road on September 23, 2009. The event included three Gold Cup matches featuring the winners of Sengoku: Gold Cup South Korea versus the winners of Sengoku: Gold Cup Japan. It was broadcast live in North America on HDNet.

Virginia executes Teresa Lewis amid clemency debate

Teresa Lewis was executed by lethal injection in Virginia after being convicted for arranging the murders of her husband and stepson. She became the first woman executed in the state since 1912. Her case attracted international attention and appeals for clemency, with supporters questioning her intellectual capacity and comparing her sentence with the life sentences received by the men who carried out the killings. Courts and executive authorities allowed the execution to proceed. The event became part of wider debate over capital punishment, the treatment of defendants with cognitive limitations, and the consistency of sentencing among participants in the same crime.

Greensville Correctional Center, Virginia

Leyenda de Plata (2011)

The Leyenda de Plata (2011) was professional wrestling tournament produced by the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLLl; Spanish "World Wrestling Council") that ran from September 23, 2011, over the course of three of CMLL's Friday night shows in Arena México with the finals on October 7, 2011. The annual Leyenda de Plata tournament is held in honor of lucha libre legend El Santo and is one of CMLL's most important annual tournaments.

Mexico City, Mexico

2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 2012 All-Ireland Football Championship final, the 125th event of its kind and the culmination of the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, was played at Croke Park, Dublin, on 23 September 2012. Donegal and Mayo, widely considered "one of the most novel final pairings of all time", met to decide the destination of the Sam Maguire Cup, with Donegal ultimately emerging victorious as Mayo were yet again undone by "the curse".

Dublin, Ireland

Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase

The siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase was a battle for the Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase in the Idlib Governorate during the Syrian civil war. It was captured by the rebel and jihadist forces on 9 September 2015. The base had been besieged since September 2012.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Syria

2014 Quneitra offensive

The 2014 Quneitra offensive, code-named “The Real Promise” or "Chargers of Dawn", was a military operation launched by Syrian rebels during the Syrian civil war in Quneitra Governorate, in an attempt to take control of several sections in the central part of the province and around Quneitra city "with the aim of opening the way to Damascus." The Quneitra Crossing is considered to be a "gateway" into Damascus from the west.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Syria

2015 Macedonian Football Supercup

The 2015 Macedonian Supercup was the fourth (officially third) and last Macedonian Football Supercup, an annual Macedonian football match played between the winners of the previous season's First League and Macedonian Cup.

Brave 1: The Beginning

Brave 1: The Beginning (also known as Brave 1 and Brave: The Beginning) was a mixed martial arts event held live by Brave Combat Federation on Friday September 23, 2016 at the Khalifa Sports City in Isa Town, Bahrain. The event was broadcast live online and locally through Bahrain TV.

Bahrain

UFC Fight Night: Saint Preux vs. Okami

UFC Fight Night: Saint Preux vs. Okami (also known as UFC Fight Night 117) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship held on September 23, 2017, at Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan.

Japan

2017 New Zealand general election

The 2017 New Zealand general election took place on Saturday 23 September 2017 to determine the membership of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament. The previous parliament was elected on 20 September 2014 and was officially dissolved on 22 August 2017. Voters elected 120 members to the House of Representatives under New Zealand's mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system, a proportional representation system in which 71 members were elected from single-member electorates and 49 members were elected from closed party lists.

New Zealand

Hong Kong's high-speed rail connection opens to passengers

Passenger services began on the Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link. The new connection brought trains from West Kowloon into the mainland high-speed railway network, completing a route whose mainland sections had opened earlier. Travelers could make direct journeys toward Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and more distant destinations without changing between separate rail systems at the border. The project's construction, cost, and arrangements for border checks had generated extensive public discussion. September 23 marks the beginning of public service, following an inauguration ceremony the day before. West Kowloon became Hong Kong's gateway to the connected high-speed network.

Public service began September 23; the inauguration ceremony took place September 22.

West Kowloon station, Hong Kong, China

2018 Maldivian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in the Maldives on Sunday, 23 September 2018. Incumbent president Abdulla Yameen of the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) was seeking re-election for a second five-year term. His only challenger was Ibrahim Mohamed Solih of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), who was nominated as the joint candidate of a coalition of opposition parties.

2018 Yerevan City Council election

Yerevan City Council elections were held on 23 September 2018. The snap election was triggered after the resignation of former mayor Taron Margaryan amid the aftermath of the 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution. Well-known comedian and actor Hayk Marutyan, heading the electoral list of the My Step Alliance, was elected to the office of mayor of Yerevan.

2018 Khabarovsk Krai gubernatorial election

The 2018 Khabarovsk Krai gubernatorial election was held in September 2018. The first round was held on 9 September, on common election day, with none of the candidates gaining an absolute majority (50% + 1 vote), causing a run-off vote. The second round was held on 23 September, between the top two candidates, the Liberal Democratic candidate Sergei Furgal and the incumbent Governor Vyacheslav Shport, nominated by the United Russia.

This entry records the second round, as dated in the source infobox.

It opened for commercial service on 23 September 2018

The Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link (sometimes abbreviated "XRL HK section") is a 26 km (16 mi) long stretch of high-speed rail that runs along a dedicated underground rail corridor linking Hong Kong to mainland China. It is one of the most expensive infrastructure undertakings in Hong Kong's history.

2018 Vladimir Oblast gubernatorial election

The 2018 Vladimir Oblast gubernatorial election was held in September 2018, on common election day. In the first round, held on 9 September, none of the candidates received an absolute majority. The second round, which was take place on 22 September, came the incumbent Governor Svetlana Orlova, nominated by the United Russia, and Vladimir Sipyagin, nominated by the Liberal Democratic Party.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

Thomas Cook collapses after rescue talks fail

Thomas Cook Group entered compulsory liquidation after efforts to secure a financial rescue failed. The British travel business and its UK airline stopped operating, disrupting holidays and leaving large numbers of travelers overseas. British authorities organized a major repatriation effort to bring customers home, while employees faced sudden uncertainty about their jobs. The collapse reflected a combination of heavy debt and difficulties adapting to changes in the travel market. It did not mean every business worldwide using the Thomas Cook name ceased trading, because some were separately owned or later acquired. The event marked the end of the group's operations in their existing form.

Thomas Cook Group, United Kingdom

2021 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election

The 2021 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election was held from August to September 2021 to select a new leader or leaders of the Green Party of England and Wales. It was triggered by Jonathan Bartley's announcement on 5 July 2021 that he would be standing down as party co-leader. Bartley had been co-leader of the party since 2016, initially serving with the party's Member of Parliament (MP) Caroline Lucas.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Russian occupation authorities begin annexation votes in Ukraine

Russian occupation authorities began votes on joining Russia in occupied parts of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia regions. The voting took place during Russia's invasion and continued over five days. Ukraine and many other governments rejected the process as illegitimate, citing military occupation, coercion, and the absence of conditions for a free expression of public opinion. Russia subsequently used the announced results to claim annexation of the four regions. Those claims did not establish internationally recognized Russian sovereignty. September 23 marks the beginning of the voting process; the later annexation announcement and international responses occurred on different dates.

Voting ran September 23–27. The locations remain indexed as Ukrainian territory under Russian occupation.

Russian-occupied parts of Donetsk oblast, Ukraine · Russian-occupied parts of Luhansk oblast, Ukraine · Russian-occupied parts of Kherson oblast, Ukraine · Russian-occupied parts of Zaporizhzhia oblast, Ukraine

Victory Road (2022)

The 2022 Victory Road was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling. It took place on September 23, 2022, at Skyway Studios in Nashville, Tennessee, and aired on Impact Plus and YouTube. It was the 13th event under the Victory Road chronology. The event also featured wrestlers from partner promotions Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).

Nashville, Tennessee, United States

Bellator 285

Bellator 285: Henderson vs. Queally was a mixed martial arts event produced by Bellator MMA, that took place on 23 September 2022 at the 3Arena in Dublin, Ireland.

Dublin, Ireland

2022 Bolivian ombudsman election

The 2022 Bolivian ombudsman election took place between 15 March and 23 September 2022 during the term of the 3rd Plurinational Legislative Assembly. This unusual intra-term election for ombudsman of Bolivia was necessitated by the resignation of David Tezanos Pinto on 24 January 2019, leaving Nadia Cruz as the acting authority for more than three years, even exceeding the expiration of Tezanos Pinto's originally set six-year term.

The postponed Hangzhou Asian Games officially open

The Asian Games officially opened in Hangzhou, China, with a ceremony at the city's principal stadium. Although staged in 2023, the event retained the name Hangzhou 2022 after being postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Athletes representing forty-five National Olympic Committees participated in a program spanning dozens of sports. The Games continued into October and included both longstanding competitions and newer medal disciplines such as esports. Hangzhou became the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, following Beijing and Guangzhou. September 23 marks the opening ceremony, while some competitions had already begun before the formal opening.

The Games retained the 2022 branding but opened on September 23, 2023.

Hangzhou Sports Park Stadium, Hangzhou

Bellator 299

Bellator 299: Eblen vs. Edwards (also known as Bellator Dublin) was a mixed martial arts event produced by Bellator MMA, that took place on September 23, 2023, at the 3Arena in Dublin, Ireland.

Dublin, Ireland

UFC Fight Night: Fiziev vs. Gamrot

UFC Fight Night: Fiziev vs. Gamrot (also known as UFC Fight Night 228, UFC on ESPN+ 86 and UFC Vegas 79) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on September 23, 2023, at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.

Nevada, United States

Abyei border conflict

Between February 2022 and April 2023, clashes broke out in the Abyei area of South Sudan between Twic Dinka militias against Ngok Dinka militias, regarding control of the border between Abyei and South Sudan's Twic County. The conflict ended temporarily following a ceasefire between the Twic Dinka and Ngok Dinka in May 2023.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

Minikino Film Week

Minikino Film Week, Bali International Short Film Festival (MFW) is an annual International short film festival in Bali, Indonesia. MFW was initiated in 2015, organized by the Minikino committee as its parent organization, which has been working in this field since 2002. The organization and MFW is under Indonesian legal entity; Yayasan Kino Media.

The ninth edition of Minikino Film Week took place from 15 to 23 September 2023.

Large-scale Israeli airstrikes hit Lebanon

Israel launched a major wave of airstrikes across Lebanon as fighting with Hezbollah escalated sharply. The attacks struck southern areas and the Beqaa Valley, killed hundreds of people, and drove large numbers of civilians to flee. Israel said it was targeting Hezbollah's military capabilities, while humanitarian organizations documented the extensive toll on civilians, including children. Hospitals and emergency services faced rapidly rising needs, and schools were used as shelters. The strikes followed earlier cross-border exchanges and attacks on communication devices. September 23 marks the opening of this intensified air campaign, rather than the beginning of the broader conflict or all its subsequent casualties.

Southern Lebanon and the Beqaa Valley

2024 Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan presidential election

The 2024 Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan presidential election was held on 23 September 2024 in accordance with the end of the presidential term which had commenced in 2021. The election was contested by four candidates: incumbent party president Kenta Izumi, party founder Yukio Edano, former Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, and first-term legislator Harumi Yoshida. Izumi and Yoshida were eliminated in the first round.

2025 Arizona's 7th congressional district special election

The 2025 Arizona's 7th congressional district special election was held on September 23, 2025, to fill Arizona's 7th congressional district for the remainder of the 119th United States Congress. The result was certified by the Arizona Secretary of State, Adrian Fontes, on October 14. This followed the July 15, 2025, primary election which results were certified by Fontes 16 days later on July 31.

Arizona, United States

2025 Mobile mayoral election

The 2025 Mobile mayoral election was held on August 26, 2025. The runoff election occurred on September 23 which determined which of the candidates Barbara Drummond or Spiro Cheriogotis will become the next mayor of Mobile, Alabama. Municipal elections in Mobile are officially nonpartisan. Incumbent mayor Sandy Stimpson declined to run for re-election to a fourth term in office.

This entry records the runoff, as dated in the source infobox.

2025 Madison, Alabama municipal election

The 2025 Madison, Alabama municipal election was held on August 26, 2025, to select the next mayor and city council members of Madison, Alabama. Runoff elections were held on September 23, 2025.

This entry records the runoff, as dated in the source infobox.