December 22 historical events
69 — Vespasian is proclaimed Emperor of Rome; his predecessor, Vitellius, attempts to abdicate but is captured and killed at the Gemonian stairs
The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC. The title of imperator, originally a military honorific, was usually used alongside caesar, originally a cognomen. When a given Roman is described as becoming emperor in English, it generally reflects his accession as augustus, and later as basileus.
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401 — Innocent I begins his papacy
Innocent I began his papacy on 22 December 401, succeeding Anastasius I as bishop of Rome.
Accounts of his parentage differ; a biological father-to-son succession is not established.
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856 — 856 Damghan earthquake
The Damghan earthquake or the Qumis earthquake occurred on 22 December 856 (242 AH) in Khorasan province, Abbasid Caliphate. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.9, and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The meizoseismal area (area of maximum damage) extended for about 350 kilometres (220 mi) along the southern edge of the eastern Alborz mountains of present-day Iran including parts of Tabaristan and Gorgan.
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880 — Huang Chao’s army captures Luoyang
Huang Chao’s rebel army captured Luoyang, the Tang dynasty’s eastern capital, on 22 December 880 in the Julian calendar.
The Zizhi Tongjian records this capture on the dingmao day of the eleventh month of Guangming 1. It is separate from the later capture of Chang’an.
China · War & conflict · Checked 2026-11-02
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1135 — Three weeks after the death of King Henry I of England, Stephen of Blois claims the throne and is privately crowned King of England, beginning the English Anarchy
Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, thereby leaving Henry landless.
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1216 — Pope Honorius III confirms the community that became the Dominican Order
The pope issued Religiosam vitam, confirming the religious community founded by Dominic of Caleruega. A second bull followed soon afterward.
Rome · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-11-06
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1509 — Battle of Polesella
The Battle of Polesella, fought on 22 December 1509, by forces of the Duchy of Ferrara and the Republic of Venice, was a naval battle on the River Po in the War of the League of Cambrai in the Italian Wars. It was an overwhelming victory for Ferrara.
Italy · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1522 — Siege of Rhodes (1522)
The siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights of Rhodes from their island stronghold and thereby secure Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean. The first siege in 1480 had been unsuccessful. Despite very strong defenses, the walls were demolished over the course of six months by Turkish artillery and mines.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
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1622 — A church completion record marks Bucaramanga’s early history
A priest and a local official recorded that the settlement’s church and sacristy were finished. The act named the place Real de Minas de Bucaramanga, and the city later adopted its date as a founding milestone.
Bucaramanga, Santander · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-11-07
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1644 — Battle of Bysjön
The battle of Bysjön was fought between Swedish and, for the most part, Norwegian troops on the ice of the frozen lake Bysjön, Eda parish, Jösse district in Värmland, Sweden on December 22, 1644. The battle was part of the Torstenson War (1643-1645), known locally as the Hannibal Feud, between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Danish-Norwegian victory meant the invading army could continue into Värmland and Dalsland.
Sweden · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1732 — Apache Campaign (1732)
The Apache Campaign of 1732 was a Spanish punitive expedition against the Lipan and Natagé Apaches in response to a wave of raids upon the Spanish province of Texas which had begun in 1731 after a period of peace. The campaign was authorized by the viceroy of New Spain, the Marquis of Casa Fuerte, following the advice of captain Fernando Pérez de Almazán, governor of San Antonio de Béjar.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1769 — Sino-Burmese War
The Sino-Burmese War (Chinese: 清緬戰爭; Burmese: တရုတ်-မြန်မာ စစ်ပွဲများ), also known as the Qing invasions of Burma or the Myanmar campaign of the Qing dynasty, was a war fought between the Qing dynasty of China and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). The Qing under the Qianlong Emperor launched four invasions of Burma between 1765 and 1769, which were considered one of his Ten Great Campaigns.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1775 — Battle of Great Cane Brake
The Battle of Great Cane Brake was a skirmish fought on December 22, 1775, during the American Revolutionary War in what was then Ninety-Six District, South Carolina, modern Greenville County.
South Carolina, United States · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1779 — Battle of Guadeloupe (1779)
The Battle of Guadeloupe or the Action of 21–22 December 1779 was a naval engagement that took place off the French island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War between three Royal Navy ships and three French Navy frigates. The Royal Navy under Joshua Rowley sighted and promptly chased the French frigates, all of which were captured after a brief fight.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1790 — Russian forces storm Izmail
Russian forces stormed the Ottoman fortress of Izmail on 22 December 1790 (Gregorian), corresponding to 11 December in the Julian calendar. Civilians were among those killed in the capture and sack.
This records the assault, following the previous day’s bombardment, rather than the start of the entire siege.
Ukraine · War & conflict · Checked 2026-11-02
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1793 — Coalition forces withdraw after the Haguenau campaign
On December 22, 1793, the fighting around Haguenau reached its end as the French turned the Coalition army’s western flank at Froeschwiller. Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser withdrew toward the Lauter River, pursued by Jean-Charles Pichegru’s Army of the Rhine. The campaign had begun on November 18 during the War of the First Coalition. French pressure from Lazare Hoche’s Army of the Moselle helped force the withdrawal.
This date marks the end of the Haguenau campaign, not its beginning or the later battle of Wissembourg.
France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-11-04
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1793 — Battle of Froeschwiller (1793)
The Battle of Froeschwiller (18–22 December 1793) saw Republican French armies led by Lazare Hoche and Charles Pichegru attack a Habsburg Austrian army commanded by Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser. On the 18th, a French attack pushed back the Austrians a short distance. After more fighting, a powerful assault on the 22nd forced the entire Austrian army to withdraw to Wissembourg.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1806 — Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire as one of 12 Russo-Turkish wars. In 1812, both sides favored peace just as Napoleon's invasion of Russia was about to commence.
This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.
Armenia · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1807 — The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. Much broader than the ineffectual 1806 Non-importation Act, it represented an escalation of attempts to coerce Britain and France to cease their interference with American merchant shipping as the Napoleonic Wars continued. In the first decade of the 19th century, American shipping grew.
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1808 — Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808
The Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808 was a benefit concert held for Ludwig van Beethoven at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna that featured the public premieres of Beethoven's Fifth and Sixth Symphonies, the Fourth Piano Concerto and the Choral Fantasy. The performers were a pickup orchestra, a chorus, vocal soloists, and Beethoven as conductor and piano soloist.
Vienna, Austria · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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1808 — The 5th Symphony premiered on 22 December 1808 at a mammoth concert at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna consisting entirely of Beethoven premieres and lasting more than four hours
The Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67 (occasionally known as the Fate Symphony, German: Schicksalssinfonie), is a symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven between 1804 and 1808. It is one of the best-known of all symphonies and one of the most frequently played. First performed in Vienna in 1808, the work achieved its strong critical reputation not long afterward; E. T. A. Hoffmann described it as "one of the most important works of the time".
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1813 — Siege of Breda (1813)
The siege of Breda took place from 19 to 22 December 1813 and was a small yet important engagement between French and allied troops in the War of the Sixth Coalition. Breda was abandoned by its garrison early in December and occupied by a Russian force. With Breda being the strategic link between the French garrisons of Gorinchem and Antwerp, and to hold control over the main road between Breda and Antwerp, the French began a counterattack.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1825 — Fire breaks out in the Library of Congress
On the evening of December 22, 1825, a fire broke out in the Library of Congress, then housed inside the U.S. Capitol in Washington. Firefighters put it out before it spread through the building. An unattended candle was identified as the cause; duplicate books and a rug were lost.
The date and occurrence come from the U.S. House of Representatives Office of the Historian.
United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-24
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1845 — Battle of Ferozeshah
The Battle of Ferozeshah was fought on 21 December and 22 December 1845 between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire, at the village of Ferozeshah in Punjab. The British were led by Sir Hugh Gough and Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge, while the Sikhs were led by Lal Singh and Tej Singh. The British emerged victorious after treachery from the Sikh commanders caused a Sikh retreat.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1851 — A steam railway carries materials for the Ganges Canal near Roorkee
A steam locomotive began hauling construction material for the Ganges Canal works near Roorkee. The railway ran between Roorkee and Piran Kaliyar, before regular passenger rail service began in India.
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India · Technology & industry · Checked 2026-11-07
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1855 — Battle of Cambronal
The Battle of Cambronal (Spanish: Batalla de Cambronal) was a major battle during the years after the Dominican War of Independence and was fought on 22 December 1855, in Cambronal, near Neiba. A detachment of Dominican troops forming part of the Army of the South, led by General Francisco Sosa, defeated an outnumbering Haitian force led by General Pierre Rivere Garat.
Neiba, Dominican Republic · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1855 — Battle of Santomé
The Battle of Santomé (Spanish: Batalla de Santomé) was a major battle during the years after the Dominican War of Independence and was fought on 22 December 1855, in the province of San Juan. A detachment of Dominican troops forming part of the Army of the South, led by General José María Cabral, defeated an outnumbering Haitian force led by Antoine Pierrot.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1860 — Battle of Calpulalpan
The Battle of Calpulalpan took place on December 22, 1860 during the War of Reform in the vicinity of the community of San Miguel de la Victoria in the municipality of Jilotepec in the State of Mexico, Mexico. It would be the last battle of the War of Reform (1858-1860).
State of Mexico, Mexico · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1862 — Morgan's Christmas Raid
Morgan's Christmas Raid was carried out by Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan between December 22, 1862, and January 5, 1863. Morgan intended to cut the supply lines to the Union Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee. The Union used the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and Morgan had identified two 500-foot (150 m) long trestle bridges at Muldraugh Hill that could be burnt.
Kentucky, United States · Tennessee, United States · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1864 — Stoneman's 1864 raid
Stoneman's 1864 raid, also known as Stoneman's raid into Southwest Virginia, was an American Civil War expedition by Union troops into southwestern Virginia. The expedition occurred from December 10 through December 29, 1864. Union Major General George Stoneman led cavalry and mounted infantry from Tennessee and Kentucky into territory under the command of Confederate Major General John C. Breckinridge.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1885 — Itō Hirobumi, a samurai, becomes the first Prime Minister of Japan
Prince Itō Hirobumi (Japanese: 伊藤 博文 [i.toː (|) çi.ɾoꜜ.bɯ.mʲi]; born Hayashi Risuke (林 利助); 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909) was a Japanese statesman who served as the first prime minister of Japan from 1885 to 1888. Itō held office again as prime minister three times between 1892 and 1901. He was also a member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen who effectively dictated policy for the Empire of Japan during the Meiji era.
Location not yet verified · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-18
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1885 — First Itō cabinet
The First Itō Cabinet is the first Cabinet of Japan led by Itō Hirobumi from December 22, 1885 to April 30, 1888. The cabinet composed of ministry heads replaced the Daijō-kan.
This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.
Location not yet verified · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-18
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1888 — Faroese independence movement
The Faroese independence movement (Faroese: Føroyska tjóðskaparrørslan), or the Faroese national movement or (Faroese nationalism) (Føroyska sjálvstýrisrørslan), is a political movement which seeks the establishment of the Faroe Islands as a sovereign state outside of Denmark. Reasons for independence include the linguistic and cultural divide between Denmark and the Faroe Islands as well as their lack of proximity to one another; the Faroe Islands are about 990 km (620 mi) from Danish shores.
The Christmas Meeting of 1888, considered to be the official start of the Faroese independence movement.
Location not yet verified · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-18
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1890 — Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kentville and Kingsport, Nova Scotia
The Cornwallis Valley Railway (CVR) was a historic Canadian railway in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley. It was built in 1889 and ran 13.6 miles (21.9 km) from Kentville to Kingsport serving the Cornwallis Township area of Kings County. For most of its history, it operated as a branch line of the Dominion Atlantic Railway and was sometimes known as the "Kingsport Line".
Location not yet verified · Technology & industry · Checked 2026-10-18
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1891 — Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography
323 Brucia is a stony Phocaea asteroid and former Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately its diameter is 33 kilometers (21 miles). It was the first asteroid to be discovered by the use of astrophotography.
Location not yet verified · Science & discovery · Checked 2026-10-18
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1903 — 1903 Ludlow by-election
The 1903 Ludlow by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 22 December 1903. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
United Kingdom · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1911 — Battle of Tobruk (1911)
The Battle of Tobruk (1911) or Nadura Hill Battle occurred on 22 December 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War for the control of the Nadura Hill near Tobruk (a city the Italians had occupied in October). The battle was a small engagement primarily known for the involvement and leadership of future Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Tobruk, Libya · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1914 — Battle of Sarikamish
The Battle of Sarikamish was an engagement between the Russian and Ottoman Empires during World War I. It took place from 22 December 1914, to 17 January 1915, as part of the Caucasus campaign. The battle resulted in a decisive Russian victory. The Ottoman plan relied on highly mobile troops capable of reaching specific objectives at precise times, drawing on German and Napoleonic tactical principles.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1915 — Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf
The Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf (French: bataille du Vieil-Armand) was a series of engagements during the First World War fought for the control of the Hartmannswillerkopf peak in Alsace in 1914 and 1915. The peak is a pyramidal rocky spur in the Vosges mountains, about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Thann, standing at 956 m (3,136 ft) and overlooking the Alsace Plain, Rhine valley and the Black Forest in Germany.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1921 — Visva-Bharati is formally inaugurated at Santiniketan
Rabindranath Tagore’s educational institution was formally inaugurated at Santiniketan in Bengal. It grew out of the school he had founded there in 1901.
Santiniketan, West Bengal, India · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-11-06
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1924 — Dundee by-election, 1924
The Dundee by-election, 1924 was a by-election held on 22 December 1924 for the British House of Commons constituency of Dundee in Scotland. The by-election was won by the Labour Party candidate Thomas Johnston.
United Kingdom · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1937 — The first Lincoln Tunnel tube opens to traffic
On 22 December 1937, the first tube of the Lincoln Tunnel opened to traffic between Weehawken, New Jersey, and Manhattan. The single tube carried one lane of traffic in each direction.
This was the opening of the first tube, rather than the completion of all three tubes.
United States · Technology & industry · Checked 2026-11-01
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1938 — A South African trawler brings in a living-species coelacanth
A trawler caught a coelacanth off South Africa and brought it to East London. Museum curator Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer recognized it as unusual and arranged for its preservation.
Off the Chalumna River, Eastern Cape, South Africa · Science & discovery · Checked 2026-11-06
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1940 — Battle of Himara
The Battle of Himara (Greek: Η Μάχη της Χειμάρρας) was a military conflict that took place in the Greco-Italian War in December 1940, during the counteroffensive of the Greek Army that followed the failed Italian invasion of Greece. After the Greek victory in Himara, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, admitted that one of the causes of the Italian defeat was the high morale of the Greek troops.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Albania · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1941 — Battle of Sjenica (1941)
The Battle of Sjenica took place between attacking forces of Yugoslav Partisans on one side and defending forces of the Sandžak Muslim militia and town's militsiya (Serbs and Muslims) in Sjenica, on the territory of the Italian governorate of Montenegro.
Serbia · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1943 — Battle of Kiev (1943)
The Second Battle of Kiev, known on the German side as the Defensive battle in the Kiev-Zhitomir area (German: Abwehrschlacht im Raum Kiew-Shitomir), was a part of a much wider Soviet offensive in Ukraine known as the Battle of the Dnieper involving three strategic operations by the Soviet Red Army and its Czechoslovak units and one operational counterattack by the Wehrmacht, which took place between 4 November and 22 December 1943.
Ukraine · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1944 — Battle of the Bulge
The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive and referred to by the Germans as Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (transl. Operation Watch on the Rhine), was an offensive campaign on the Western Front during the Second World War, taking place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945.
World War II: Battle of the Bulge: German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe: "Nuts!"
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1944 — A precursor unit of the People’s Army of Vietnam is formed
The Propaganda Unit of the Liberation Army was formed under Võ Nguyên Giáp on 22 December 1944 in Vietnam. It became a predecessor of the later People’s Army of Vietnam.
This records the formation of the precursor unit, rather than the creation of the entire modern army at once.
Vietnam · War & conflict · Checked 2026-11-02
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1945 — Truman directs agencies to speed up immigration processing for European refugees
On 22 December 1945, President Harry S. Truman issued a statement and directive instructing United States agencies to speed up immigration processing for displaced persons and refugees from Europe within existing immigration quotas.
This records the presidential directive, not a numbered executive order or the arrival of the refugees.
United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-11-02
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1947 — Operation Ceinture
Operation Ceinture was a late 1947 military endeavour by the French Far East Expeditionary Corps against the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War. A month-long effort that commenced on 20 November following the cessation of Operation Léa, Ceinture (French: belt) intended to rid the region between Hanoi, Thái Nguyên and Tuyên Quang of Viet-Minh infiltration.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1948 — Sjafruddin Prawiranegara established the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia, PDRI) in West Sumatra
The Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia, PDRI) was established by Indonesian Republicans after the Netherlands occupied the at the time capital city of Yogyakarta in Central Java, the location of the temporary Republican capital during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was established in the city of Bukittinggi and led by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara.
Location not yet verified · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-18
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1956 — Birth of Ray Lui
On 22 December 1956, Ray Lui, an actor, was born.
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1964 — Twelfth government of Israel
The twelfth government of Israel was formed by Levi Eshkol on 22 December 1964, towards the end of the fifth Knesset. Eshkol kept the same coalition partners as previously, i.e. Mapai, the National Religious Party, Ahdut HaAvoda, Poalei Agudat Yisrael, Cooperation and Brotherhood and Progress and Development. The only change to the cabinet was Akiva Govrin becoming the country's first Minister of Tourism, having been a Minister without Portfolio in the previous government.
This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.
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1964 — The SR-71 Blackbird makes its first flight
The U.S. Air Force’s SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft made its first flight from Palmdale, California. It was developed to fly at high altitude and more than three times the speed of sound.
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1971 — The international aid organization Doctors Without Borders is founded by Bernard Kouchner and a group of journalists in Paris, France
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; pronounced [medsɛ̃ sɑ̃ fʁɔ̃tjɛʁ] ), French for Doctors Without Borders, is a charity that provides humanitarian medical care. It is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases. The organisation provides care for diabetes, drug-resistant infections, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, tropical and neglected diseases, tuberculosis, vaccines and COVID-19.
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1972 — China and New Zealand establish diplomatic relations
Representatives of China and New Zealand signed a joint communiqué in New York establishing diplomatic relations. The agreement opened the way for the two countries to exchange ambassadors.
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1973 — 1973 Royal Air Maroc Sud Aviation Caravelle crash
The 1973 Royal Air Maroc Sud Aviation Caravelle crash occurred on December 22, 1973, when a Sobelair Sud Aviation Caravelle SE-210 (operating for Royal Air Maroc) crashed near Tangier, Morocco. All 106 people on board were killed.
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1974 — Comorian independence referendum, 1974
An independence referendum was held in the Comoros on 22 December 1974. The overall result was a strong "yes" vote, with 94.57% of voters voting for independence and almost all the "no" votes being cast in Mayotte, where there was a majority for remaining under French control. In contrast, on Mohéli only five out of 6,059 votes were against independence. Voter turnout was 93.3%. Following the referendum, the country declared independence on 6 July 1975, with Mayotte remaining under French control.
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1974 — The first, held on all the islands on 22 December 1974, won 63.8% support for maintaining ties with France on Mayotte; the second, held in February 1976, confirmed that vote with an overwhelming 99.4%, while the third, in April 1976, confirmed that the people of Mayotte wished to remain a French territory
The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeast Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni. The predominant religion of the population—and the official state religion—is Islam. Comoros proclaimed its independence from France on 6 July 1975.
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1974 — Death of Jiang Faxian
On 22 December 1974, Jiang Faxian, a physician, died.
Hong Kong · Births & deaths · Checked 2026-10-26
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1975 — Ford signs law authorizing the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve
On December 22, 1975, U.S. President Gerald Ford signed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The law authorized a strategic petroleum reserve to help the country cope with future oil supply disruptions, alongside measures on fuel economy and energy policy. The signing gave the reserve its legal basis; the stockpile was built and filled later.
Ford signed the authorizing law on December 22; the reserve did not already contain oil that day.
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1975 — Battles of La Güera and Tichla
The Battles of La Güera and Tichla took place between 10 and 22 December 1975, when the Mauritanian Army invaded the southern part of Western Sahara, which was the zone agreed to be annexed by Mauritania in the Madrid Accords. Mauritanian troops were confronted by Polisario Front guerrillas, forcing the Royal Moroccan Army to intervene on behalf of Mauritania.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
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1976 — 1976 Argentine Campeonato Nacional final
The 1976 Campeonato Nacional final was the last match of the 1976 Campeonato Nacional of Argentine Primera División. It was held at the Racing Club Stadium in Avellaneda on 22 December 1976. The match was the first official final played between both clubs, which are the most popular in Argentina and whose long-lived rivalry is known as Superclásico. It was the fourth Primera División final played by Boca Juniors.
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1977 — December 1977 Australian Labor Party leadership election
A leadership election of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), then the opposition party in the Parliament of Australia, was held on 22 December 1977. Following the resignation of Gough Whitlam former Treasurer Bill Hayden was elected Labor's new leader winning 36 votes to 28 over Lionel Bowen who was then elected deputy leader.
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1978 — Third Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee closes in Beijing
The Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party closed in Beijing on December 22, 1978, after a five-day meeting. Its decisions shifted the party’s focus toward economic development and opened the way for China’s reform and opening-up policy.
Closing day of the December 18–22 plenum; distinct from the party’s 11th National Congress in August 1977.
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1982 — Arena Naucalpan 5th Anniversary Show
The Arena Naucalpan 5th Anniversary Show was a major annual professional wrestling event produced and scripted by Promociones Moreno in conjunction with the professional wrestling promotion the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA), which took place on December 22, 1982 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. As the name implies the show celebrated the 5th Anniversary of the construction of Arena Naucalpan, Promociones Morenos main venue, in 1977. In 1996 Promociones Moreno became International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), maintaining the annual Arena Naucalpan Anniversary tradition. The show became IWRG's longest running show and is the fourth oldest, still held, annual show in professional wrestling.
Naucalpan, Mexico · State of Mexico, Mexico · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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1983 — The China Wildlife Conservation Association is founded
The China Wildlife Conservation Association was founded in Beijing on 22 December 1983. The organization promotes wildlife conservation and public awareness.
China · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-25
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1984 — Singaporean general election, 1984
General elections were held in Singapore on 22 December 1984. The result was a victory for the People's Action Party, which won 77 of the 79 seats, marking the first time since 1963 that they had not won every seat. Voter turnout was 95.6%, although this figure represents the turnout in the 49 constituencies to be contested, with PAP candidates earning walkovers in the other 30.
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1984 — 1984 New York City Subway shooting
On December 22, 1984, Bernhard Goetz () shot four black teenagers on a New York City Subway train in Manhattan. All four victims survived, though one, Darrell Cabey, was paralyzed and suffered brain damage as a result of his injuries. Goetz fled to Bennington, Vermont, before surrendering to police nine days after the shooting. He was charged with attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and several firearms offenses.
United States · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1988 — Algerian presidential election, 1988
Presidential elections were held in Algeria on 22 December 1988. Incumbent Chadli Bendjedid, leader of the National Liberation Front (the country's sole legal political party), was re-elected unopposed with 93.26% of the vote, based on an 89.08% turnout.
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1989 — Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate border crossing reopens
On December 22, 1989, the border crossing at Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate reopened. West German chancellor Helmut Kohl walked through the gate and was greeted by East German prime minister Hans Modrow.
Germany’s formal reunification followed in October 1990.
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1991 — 1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état
The 1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état, also known as the Tbilisi War, or the Putsch of 1991–1992, was an internal military conflict that took place in the newly independent Republic of Georgia following the fall of the Soviet Union, from 22 December 1991 to 6 January 1992.
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1992 — Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103
Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 was a Boeing 727 with 10 crew and 147 passengers on board that disintegrated on 22 December 1992. On the day of the accident Flight 1103 took off from Benina International Airport near Benghazi on a domestic flight to Tripoli International Airport. At an altitude of 3,500 ft (1,067 m) during the aircraft's approach to Tripoli airport, something happened resulting in the aircraft disintegrating, and the death of all 157 passengers and crew.
Location not yet verified · Disasters · Checked 2026-10-18
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1994 — Battle of Dolinskoye
The Battle of Dolinskoye (Dolinskoe, Dolinsky), which took place 25 kilometers northwest of the Chechen capital of Grozny, was the first major ground engagement of the First Chechen War.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
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1994 — Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)
The First Battle of Grozny was the Russian Army's invasion and subsequent conquest of the Chechen capital, Grozny, during the early months of the First Chechen War. The attack would last from December 1994 to March 1995, which resulted in the military occupation of the city by the Russian Army and rallied most of the Chechen nation around the government of Dzhokhar Dudayev.
This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.
Russia · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-19
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1996 — Airborne Express Flight 827
Airborne Express Flight 827 was a functional evaluation flight (FEF) of an ABX Air (operating under Airborne Express) Douglas DC-8 that had undergone a major modification. On December 22, 1996, during the test flight, the aircraft stalled and crashed, killing all six people on board. Accident investigators determined the causes of the accident was improper crew control inputs and ABX's failures to establish a formal functional evaluation program, relying instead on inadequate flight program guidelines, inadequate requirements, and inadequate and misleading pilot training.
Virginia, United States · Disasters · Checked 2026-09-23
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1996 — 1996 Chukotka gubernatorial election
Elections for the governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug took place on 22 December 1996. Aleksandr Nazarov won the election with 65.18% of votes, with former People's Deputy of the USSR Vladimir Yetylin in second place, receiving 21.04% of the vote.
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1996 — 1996 Transnistrian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the breakaway republic of Transnistria on 22 December, 1996. They were won by the incumbent Igor Smirnov, who ruled Transnistria since 1991. Smirnov's only opponent was Vladimir Malakhov, who was beaten by Smirnov, 72% to 20%. On 2 November, it was reported that Transnistria's central electoral commission had registered only two candidates for the election.
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1997 — Acteal massacre
The Acteal massacre (Spanish: Matanza de Acteal) was a massacre of 45 people attending a prayer meeting of Catholic Indigenous townspeople, including a number of children and pregnant women, who were members of the pacifist group Las Abejas ("The Bees"), in the small village of Acteal in the municipality of Chenalhó, in the Mexican state of Chiapas. Right-wing paramilitary group Máscara Roja murdered the victims on December 22, 1997, while the Government of Mexico first admitted responsibility for the massacre in September 2020.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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1999 — Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509
Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 was a Boeing 747-2B5F, registered HL7451 bound for Milan Malpensa Airport, that crashed due to instrument malfunction and pilot error on 22 December 1999 shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport where the final leg of its route from South Korea to Italy had begun. The aircraft crashed into Hatfield Forest near the village of Great Hallingbury, close to, but clear of, some houses, killing all four crew members on board.
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2000 — 2000 Iraqi Perseverance Cup
The 2000 Iraqi Perseverance Cup (Arabic: كأس المثابرة العراقي 2000) was the 5th edition of the Iraqi Super Cup. The match was contested between Baghdad rivals Al-Zawraa and Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya at Al-Shaab Stadium in Baghdad. It was played on 22 December 2000 as a curtain-raiser to the 2000–01 season. Al-Zawraa retained their title, winning the match 1–0.
Iraq · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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2001 — Battle of Amami-Ōshima
The Battle of Amami-Ōshima, known in Japan as the Spy Ship Incident in the Southwest Sea of Kyūshū (九州南西海域工作船事件, kyūshū-nansei-kaiiki-kōsakusen-jiken), was a six-hour naval confrontation between Japan and North Korea. It took place outside Japanese territorial waters, near the Japanese island of Amami Ōshima, in the East China Sea on 22 December 2001.
Location not yet verified · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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2001 — Passengers and crew stop a shoe bombing attempt aboard Flight 63
Richard Reid tried to ignite explosives hidden in his shoes aboard the Paris-to-Miami flight. Passengers and crew restrained him, and the plane diverted to Boston.
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2002 — Montenegrin presidential election, 2002
Presidential elections were held in the Republic of Montenegro on 22 December 2002. Although Filip Vujanović won the election with 86% of the vote, turnout was less than the required 50%, so the election was declared invalid. Fresh elections were held in February 2003, which were also invalidated, and then again in May when the turnout rule was abolished. The elections were boycotted by the opposition Socialist People's Party, who accused the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of pressurising civil servants to vote for Vujanović. The elections were also overshadowed by the arrest of Deputy State Attorney Zoran Piperović for connections with human trafficking and forced prostitution.
Montenegro · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2002 — 2002–03 Lithuanian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Lithuania on 22 December 2002, with a second round on 5 January 2003. Incumbent President Valdas Adamkus ran for reelection alongside sixteen other candidates, the largest field of presidential candidates in the country's history. Though Adamkus held a large lead over his closest opponent, Rolandas Paksas of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), in the first round of the election, Paksas defeated Adamkus in the second round with 54.71% of the vote.
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2004 — 2004 Belgian Super Cup
The 2004 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season's 2003–04 Belgian First Division and 2003–04 Belgian Cup competitions: cup winners Club Brugge and league champions Anderlecht. The match was played on 22 December 2004 at the ground of the league champions as usual, in this case the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium.
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2005 — Guerra del Golfo (2005)
The 2005 Guerra del Golfo (Spanish for "Gulf War") was the first instance of the recurring IWRG Guerra del Golfo major event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group ("IWRG"; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Mexico). The show, held on December 22, 2005 also commemorated the 29th Anniversary of Arena Naucalpan, IWRG's main venue. In this instance the "Gulf" referred to in the title is the Gulf of Mexico, not the Gulf War in the Persian Gulf.
Naucalpan, Mexico · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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2008 — Coal ash spills from the Kingston Fossil Plant
A containment dike failed at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant, releasing coal ash slurry into surrounding land and waterways.
Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County · Disasters · Checked 2026-11-06
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2010 — Obama signs the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act
On December 22, 2010, U.S. president Barack Obama signed the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act into law at a ceremony in Washington, D.C.
Signing the law was separate from the policy’s repeal taking effect in September 2011.
United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-22
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2010 — The Yichang–Wanzhou railway opens
A railway opened between Yichang in Hubei and Wanzhou in Chongqing, carrying trains through the mountainous terrain between the two cities.
Yichang–Wanzhou railway · Technology & industry · Checked 2026-11-06
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2011 — Arena Naucalpan 34th Anniversary Show
The Arena Naucalpan 34th Anniversary Show was an annual professional wrestling major event produced by Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on December 22, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. The show celebrated the 34th Anniversary of the construction of Arena Naucalpann, IWRG's main venue, in December 1977. From 1977 until 1996 the arena was affiliated with various promotions such as Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) but in 1996 arena owner and wrestling promoter Adolfo Moreno created his own promotion, IWRG.
Naucalpan, Mexico · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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2011 — 13th Congress of the Polisario Front
The 13th Congress of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia El Hamra and Río de Oro (Arabic: المؤتمر الثالث عشر للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير الساقية الحمراء ووادي الذهب, Spanish: XIII Congreso del Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguia El Hamra y Río de Oro) was held in Tifariti between 15 and 22 December 2011 to renovate the governing bodies of the Polisario Front and establish the movement's main lines of action and strategy for the next leadership term.
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2014 — December 2014 Sinjar offensive
The Sinjar offensive was a combination of operations of Kurdish Peshmerga, PKK and People's Protection Units forces in December 2014, to recapture regions formerly lost to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in their August offensive. In a six-day-long offensive, the PKK and Peshmerga took control over part of the city of Sinjar and part of the mountains which had been conquered by ISIL in August 2014, and expanded their offensive on to Tal Afar.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Iraq · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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2014 — 2014 Supercoppa Italiana
The 2014 Supercoppa Italiana was the 27th edition of the Supercoppa Italiana, played on 22 December 2014 at the Jassim bin Hamad Stadium in Doha, Qatar. It was held between 2013–14 Serie A champions, Juventus, and the winners of the 2013–14 Coppa Italia, Napoli. Juventus were the defending champions.
Qatar · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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2016 — 2016 Narayanganj City Corporation election
The 2016 Narayanganj City Corporation election was a local government election in Narayanganj, Bangladesh, held on 22 December 2016 to elect the Mayor of Narayanganj and the Narayanganj City Council. In the election, Awami League candidate Selina Hayat Ivy contested under her party banner for the first time since the establishment of the city corporation in 2011 and led her party to victory.
Bangladesh · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2016 — Palmyra offensive (December 2016)
The Palmyra offensive in December 2016 was a military operation launched by the military of ISIL which led to the re-capture of the ancient city of Palmyra, and an unsuccessful ISIL attack on the Tiyas T-4 Airbase to the west of the city. ISIL previously controlled the city from May 2015 until March 2016.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Syria · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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2016 — Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)
The Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016), code named Operation Dawn of Victory by government forces, was a successful military offensive launched by the Syrian Armed Forces and allied groups against rebel-held districts in Aleppo. The offensive came after the end of the moratorium on air strikes by Russia, and the Russian Armed Forces again conducted heavy air and cruise missile strikes against rebel positions throughout northwestern Syria.
This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.
Syria · War & conflict · Checked 2026-10-18
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2017 — United Nations Security Council Resolution 2397
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2397 is a resolution adopted unanimously on 22 December 2017 in response to North Korea's launch of a Hwasong-15 intercontinental ballistic missile on 28 November of that year. The resolution condemned the launch and further tightened sanctions on the country, restricting fuel imports and other trade, as well as the ability of North Korean citizens to work abroad.
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2017 — 2017 Szuperkupa (men's water polo)
The 2017 Szuperkupa (known as the TippMix Férfi Szuper Kupa for sponsorship reasons) was played on 22 December 2017 in Budapest, Hungary. With Szolnoki Dózsa winning both the 2016–17 Országos Bajnokság I championship and the 2016 Magyar Kupa, the game was played between Szolnoki Dózsa and the 2016 Magyar Kupa runners-up, Egri VK.
Hungary · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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2018 — 2018 FIFA Club World Cup final
The 2018 FIFA Club World Cup final was the final match of the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup, an international club association football tournament hosted by the United Arab Emirates. It was the 15th final of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA-organised tournament between the winners of the six continental confederations, as well as the host nation's league champions. The final was contested between Spanish club and defending champions Real Madrid (who won the last two editions of the competition), representing UEFA as the reigning champions of the UEFA Champions League, and Emirati club Al Ain, representing the host nation as the reigning champions of the UAE Pro-League. The match was played at the Zayed Sports City Stadium in Abu Dhabi on 22 December 2018.
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2018 — The 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown, the second-longest shutdown of the U.S. federal government in history, begins
From December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019, the United States federal government entered a shutdown. It was the second and final federal government shutdown involving furloughs during the first presidency of Donald Trump. It occurred when the 115th Congress and Trump could not agree on an appropriations bill to fund the operations of the federal government for the 2019 fiscal year, or a temporary continuing resolution that could extend the deadline for passing a bill.
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2018 — 2018 Szuperkupa (men's water polo)
The 2018 Szuperkupa (known as the TippMix Férfi Szuperkupa for sponsorship reasons). It was played on 22 December 2018 in Budapest, Hungary. With Ferencvárosi TC winning both the 2017–18 Országos Bajnokság I championship and the 2017 Magyar Kupa cup winners Szolnoki Dózsa.
Hungary · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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2018 — Anak Krakatau eruption triggers the Sunda Strait tsunami
On the evening of December 22, 2018, volcanic activity and a flank collapse at Anak Krakatau generated a deadly tsunami in Indonesia’s Sunda Strait. Waves reached nearby coasts within minutes. Later casualty totals vary by reporting date, so this entry does not give an unsupported fixed injury count.
Indonesia · Disasters · Checked 2026-10-24
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2019 — 2019–20 Croatian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Croatia in December 2019 and January 2020. The decision to call the elections was made by the Croatian Government during its session on 14 November 2019. Potential candidates were required to gather at least 10,000 signatures from Croatian citizens who have reached the age of 18 in order for their candidacy to become official and for their name to appear on the ballot.
This entry records the first round, as dated in the source infobox.
Croatia · Politics & society · Checked 2026-10-18
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2019 — 2019 Supercoppa Italiana
The 2019 Supercoppa Italiana (branded as the Coca-Cola Supercup for sponsorship reasons) was the 32nd edition of the Supercoppa Italiana. It was played on 22 December 2019 by defending champions Juventus, the winners of the 2018–19 Serie A championship, and Lazio, the winners of the 2018–19 Coppa Italia. The match was held at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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2020 — 2020 President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania election
Elections for the president of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania took place on 22 December 2020. The PNL candidate Ludovic Orban was elected with 179 votes, while his PSD opponent Alfred Simonis received 110 votes.
Romania · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2020 — 2020 CONCACAF Champions League final
The 2020 CONCACAF Champions League final was the final match of the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League, the 12th edition of the CONCACAF Champions League under its current name, and overall the 55th edition of the premier association football club competition organized by CONCACAF, the regional governing body of North America, Central America and the Caribbean.
United States · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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2021 — 2021 CAF Super Cup (December)
The 2021 CAF Super Cup (officially the TotalEnergies CAF Super Cup 2021 for sponsorship reasons) was the 30th CAF Super Cup, an annual football match in Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), between the winners of the previous season's two CAF club competitions, the CAF Champions League and the CAF Confederation Cup. The match was played between Al Ahly from Egypt, the 2020–21 CAF Champions League winners, and Raja CA from Morocco, the 2020–21 CAF Confederation Cup winners, at the Ahmad bin Ali Stadium in Al Rayyan, Qatar on 22 December 2021.
Qatar · Sport · Checked 2026-09-24
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2022 — The 28th Kolkata International Film Festival closes
On 22 December 2022, the 28th Kolkata International Film Festival closed in Kolkata, India, after opening on 15 December. The West Bengal government’s subsequent budget speech recorded the participation of 183 films.
This records the closing date of the 2022 edition.
Kolkata, India · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-11-01
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2022 — Death of Wang Tongsan
On 22 December 2022, Wang Tongsan, an economist, died.
China · Births & deaths · Checked 2026-10-26
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2023 — Battle of Kyindwe
The Battle of Kyindwe was an engagement between the Myanmar Army and anti-coup resistance forces in the town of Kyindwe, Kanpetlet Township, Chin State. The Chin Brotherhood Alliance, aided by the Arakan Army and People's Defence Force, started attacking Myanmar Army positions on December 22, 2023. Initially intending to capture the town by Christmas, constant airstrikes, heavy fire from entrenched junta forces, and ambushes by pro-junta militias impeded rebel efforts.
Myanmar · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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2023 — 2023 Trofeo de Campeones de la Liga Profesional
On December 22, 2023, River Plate defeated Rosario Central 2–0 in the Trofeo de Campeones de la Liga Profesional at the Estadio Único Madre de Ciudades in Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
Argentina · Sport · Checked 2026-10-22
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2023 — 2023 FIFA Club World Cup final
The 2023 FIFA Club World Cup final was the final match of the 2023 FIFA Club World Cup, an international club football tournament hosted by Saudi Arabia. It was the 20th final of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA-organised tournament between the club champions from each of the six continental confederations, as well as the host nation's league champions. The match was played at the King Abdullah Sports City Stadium in Jeddah on 22 December 2023.
Saudi Arabia · Sport · Checked 2026-09-24
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2023 — ONE Friday Fights 46
ONE Friday Fights 46: Tawanchai vs. Superbon (also known as ONE Lumpinee 46) was a combat sport event produced by ONE Championship that took place on December 22, 2023, at Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.
Location not yet verified · Sport · Checked 2026-10-18
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