12月19日发生过什么？

Pope Martin I, having been abducted by Byzantine authorities from Rome for his opposition to Monothelitism, is tried in Constantinople

Pope Martin I (Latin: Martinus I, Greek: Πάπας Μαρτῖνος; between 590 and 600 – 16 September 655), also known as Martin the Confessor, was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 649 to 653 or 654. He had served as Pope Theodore I's ambassador to Constantinople, and was elected to succeed him as pope. He was the only pope when Constantinople controlled the papacy whose election had not awaited imperial mandate.

Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey

Henry II ( (1133-March-05) (1189-July-06)5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. During his reign he controlled England, limited parts of Wales and Ireland, and much of France (including Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine), an area that was later called the Angevin Empire, and also held power over Scotland for a time and the Duchy of Brittany.

Pope Clement III is elected

Pope Clement III (Latin: Clemens III; 1130 – 20 March 1191), born Paolo Scolari, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. He ended the conflict between the Papacy and the city of Rome, by allowing the election of magistrates, which reinstalled the Papacy back in the city after a six-year exile.

Battle of Radcot Bridge

The Battle of Radcot Bridge was fought on 19 December 1387 at Radcot Bridge in England, a bridge over the River Thames now in Oxfordshire but then the boundary between Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It was fought between troops loyal to Richard II, led by court favourite Robert de Vere, and an army captained by Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby.

Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519. He was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself elected emperor in 1508 at Trento, with Pope Julius II later recognising it.

Battle of Dreux

The Battle of Dreux was fought on 19 December 1562 between Catholics and Huguenots. The Catholics were led by Anne de Montmorency while Louis I, Prince of Condé led the Huguenots. Though commanders from both sides were captured, the French Catholics won the battle.

France

Siege of Arundel

The siege of Arundel took place during the First English Civil War, from 19 December 1643 to 6 January 1644, when a Royalist garrison surrendered to a Parliamentarian army under Sir William Waller. At the end of 1642, South-East England was largely controlled by Parliament, with pockets of Royalist support in Hampshire and Kent.

West Sussex, United Kingdom

Battle of Brailov (1666)

The Battle of Brailov (Ukrainian: Битва під Браїловим, Polish: Bitwa pod Braiłowem) was the first battle of the Polish–Cossack–Tatar war that took place on 19 December 1666 between the joint Cossack-Tatar army led by Petro Doroshenko and the Polish-Lithuanian army led by Sebastian Machowski. It ended in a Cossack-Tatar victory with Machowski taken prisoner.

Battle of Cádiz (1669)

The Battle of Cádiz was fought on 18–19 December 1669 off Cádiz between the English Royal Navy warship HMS Mary Rose under Rear-admiral John Kempthorne, which was escorting several English merchantmen, and a squadron of seven Barbary corsairs operating out of the Regency of Algiers. The incident was recorded and drawn by the engraver Wenceslaus Hollar, with an engraving appearing in John Ogilby's 1670 work Africa.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Spain

Battle of Sich (1674)

The Battle of Sich took place between the Ottoman-Crimean army and the Zaporozhian Cossacks, during the Ottoman-Crimean campaign into the Sich, at night on 19 December 1674. Detailed description of this battle only appears in Velychko's chronicle.

The Great Swamp Fight, a pivotal battle in King Philip's War, gives the English settlers a bitterly won victory

The Great Swamp Massacre or the Great Swamp Fight was a crucial battle fought during King Philip's War between the colonial militia of New England and the Narragansett people in December 1675. It was fought near the villages of Kingston and West Kingston in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

Glorious Revolution: Williamite forces defeat Jacobites at Battle of Reading, forcing James II to flee England

The Glorious Revolution was the deposition of King James II in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, James's nephew William III of Orange. The two ruled as joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland until Mary's death in 1694, when William became ruler in his own right.

Thomas Paine publishes one of a series of pamphlets in The Pennsylvania Journal entitled "The American Crisis"

Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain, February 9, 1737 [O.S. January 29, 1736] – June 8, 1809; ) was an English-born American Founding Father, inventor, political philosopher, and statesman. He authored Common Sense (1776) and The American Crisis (1776–1783), two of the most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, and he helped to inspire the colonial era patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Great Britain.

Valley Forge

Valley Forge was the winter encampment of the Continental Army, under the command of George Washington, during the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The encampment, located in eastern Pennsylvania along the Schuylkill River, lasted approximately six months, from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

United States

William Pitt the Younger becomes the youngest Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at 24

William Pitt (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British statesman who served as the last prime minister of Great Britain from 1783 until the Acts of Union 1800, and the first official prime minister of the United Kingdom from January 1801. He left office in March 1801, but served as prime minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806.

Siege of Toulon (1793)

The siege of Toulon (29 August – 19 December 1793) was fought at the French Mediterranean naval base of Toulon during the War of the First Coalition. It began after opponents of the radical Montagnard government, initially associated with the Federalist revolts, surrendered the port, its arsenal and much of the French Mediterranean Fleet to an Anglo-Spanish force.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

France

Action of 19 December 1796

The action of 19 December 1796 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought in the last stages of the Mediterranean campaign between two British Royal Navy frigates and two Spanish Navy frigates off the coast of Murcia. The British squadron was the last remaining British naval force in the Mediterranean, sent to transport the British garrison of Elba to safety under the command of Commodore Horatio Nelson.

Region of Murcia, Spain

Battle of Campichuelo

The Battle of Campichuelo was a skirmish that took place on 19 December 1810 when the military expedition sent by the Primera Junta crossed the Paraná River from Candelaria to Campichuelo de la Candelaria, where a Paraguayan outpost was positioned. The action ended without casualties from either side.

Siege of Tarifa (1812)

In the Siege of Tarifa from 19 December 1811 to 5 January 1812, an Imperial French army under Jean François Leval laid siege to an Anglo-Spanish garrison led by Francisco Copons. Despite the advice of British Colonel John Byrne Skerrett to evacuate the town, Copons decided to hold out. Some wanted to evacuate to and defend the small island that was attached by a causeway from the town. Tarifa is located on Route 340 on the southernmost tip of Spain, or about 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Cadiz. The siege occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars.

Tarifa, Spain

Capture of Fort Niagara

The Capture of Fort Niagara took place 19 December 1813 during the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States. The American garrison was taken by surprise, and the fort was captured in a night assault by a select force of British regular infantry.

Release of A Christmas Carol

A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. It recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come.

Battle of Pease River

The Battle of Pease River, also known as the Pease River Massacre or the Pease River fight, occurred on December 19, 1860, near present-day Margaret, Texas in Foard County, Texas, United States. The town is located between Crowell and Vernon within sight of the Medicine Mounds just outside present-day Quanah, Texas. A monument marks the site where a group of Comanche Indians were massacred by a detachment of Texas Rangers and militia under Ranger Captain "Sul" Ross.

Texas, United States

Skirmish at Blackwater Creek

The Skirmish at Blackwater Creek, also known as the Skirmish at Milford, was an American Civil War skirmish that took place in central Missouri on December 19, 1861, near present-day Valley City. It was a victory for the North.

Battle of Jackson, Tennessee

The Battle of Jackson, also known as the Battle of Salem Cemetery, was fought on December 19, 1862, in Madison County, Tennessee, during the American Civil War.

Tennessee, United States

Battle of Altamaha Bridge

The Battle of Altamaha Bridge, also known as the Battle for the Doctortown Railroad Trestle, was an American Civil War engagement fought December 19, 1864, in Wayne County, Georgia, during Sherman's March to the Sea. The Confederate victory prevented Federal forces from destroying a vital railroad bridge during Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's siege of Savannah, keeping open Confederate supply lines to the city.

United States

1871 Georgia gubernatorial special election

The 1871 Georgia gubernatorial special election was held on December 19, 1871, in order to elect the Governor of Georgia following the resignation of Governor Rufus Bullock. Democratic nominee and incumbent Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives James Milton Smith ran unopposed and thus won the election.

United States

1871 British Columbia federal by-elections

The 1871 Canadian federal by-elections in British Columbia occurred in November and December 1871 to elect British Columbia's first members of Parliament following the province's entry into Canada. Five electoral districts were established to elect six members to the Canadian House of Commons.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Canada

Battle of Little Dry Creek

The Battle of Little Dry Creek was a skirmish during Geronimo's War. Chiricahua Apache warriors were raiding in the Arizona and New Mexico border area when they ambushed a larger force of United States Army troops and Navajo Scouts near Pleasanton.

United States

1893 Chicago mayoral special election

In the Chicago mayoral special election of 1893, John Patrick Hopkins was elected mayor. The election was triggered by the assassination of mayor Carter Harrison Sr. (a Democrat that had been elected to his fifth non-consecutive term earlier that year). Following Harrison's death, Republican George Bell Swift had been elected by City Council to serve as acting mayor until the special election could be held.

Battle of San Mateo (1899)

The Battle of San Mateo was a battle during the Philippine–American War between the United States and the Philippines. It was fought on December 19, 1899, near San Mateo in what was then Manila province (now a part of Rizal) between the forces of General Henry Ware Lawton, and General Licerio Gerónimo's Morong Command and a detachment of Tiradores de la Muerte.

Philippines

Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government and is forced to resign

The Hopetoun Blunder was a political event during the federation of Australia which culminated in the appointment of Edmund Barton as the first prime minister of Australia. The 'blunder' refers to the decision of John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, the first governor-general of Australia, to commission the then-premier of New South Wales, Sir William Lyne, as prime minister to form an interim government for the period between federation on 1 January 1901 and a general election for the first parliament in March of 1901.

1901 Caversham by-election

The 1901 Caversham by-election was a by-election in the New Zealand electorate of Caversham, an urban seat in Dunedin at the south-east of the South Island.

New Zealand

Liberating Revolution (Venezuela)

The Liberating Revolution was a civil war in Venezuela between 1901 and 1903 in which a coalition of regional caudillos led by the banker Manuel Antonio Matos tried to overthrow the government of Cipriano Castro.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Venezuela

Darr Mine disaster

The Darr Mine disaster at Van Meter, Rostraver Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, near Smithton, killed 239 men and boys on December 19, 1907. It ranks as the worst coal mining disaster in Pennsylvanian history. An inquiry carried out after the disaster determined that the blast was the result of miners carrying open lamps in an area cordoned off the previous day by the fire boss. The mine’s owner, the Pittsburgh Coal Company was not held responsible but abandoned the use of open lamps after the disaster.

Pennsylvania, United States

1908 Venezuelan coup d'état

During the 1908 Venezuelan coup d'état, General Juan Vicente Gómez took power on 19 December during the absence of President Cipriano Castro. He ruled as a dictator until his death in 1935, either directly by having himself elected by Congress or indirectly through civilian puppet governments that obeyed him.

Venezuela

December 1910 United Kingdom general election in Scotland

A general election was held in the United Kingdom over the period of 3–19 December 1910, and members were returned for all 72 seats in Scotland. The election was held less than a year after the January general election in which the Liberals and the Irish Parliamentary Party gained a majority in the House of Commons.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

United Kingdom

Battle of Bir Tabraz

The Battle of Bir Tabraz was fought in December 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War between the Kingdom of Italy and Senussi forces in a place near Tripoli in modern Libya, the Senussi successfully forced to Italians to withdraw.

Libya

German phosgene attack of 19 December 1915

The German phosgene attack of 19 December 1915 was the first use of phosgene gas against British troops by the German army. The gas attack took place at Wieltje, north-east of Ypres in Belgian Flanders on the Western Front in the First World War. German gas attacks on Allied troops had begun on 22 April 1915, during the Second Battle of Ypres using chlorine against French and Canadian units.

West Flanders, Belgium

Wellington South by-election, 1918

The Wellington South by-election of 1918 was a by-election held in the Wellington South electorate during the 19th New Zealand Parliament, on 19 December 1918. It was caused by the death of incumbent MP Alfred Hindmarsh, the de facto chair of the Labour Party and was won by fellow party member Bob Semple with a majority of 1,231.

New Zealand

Spanish general election, 1920

General elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain on 19 December 1920. At stake were all 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies.

Spain

1928 Romanian general election

General elections were held in Romania in December 1928. Immediately after acceding to power, the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ) prepared the next elections. The lists were filed before the local Courts before 26 November, while voting took place for the Chamber on 12 December, the Universal College of the Senate on 15 December, the local/county councils (Senate) on 17 December, and the Chamber of Industries and Commerce (Senate) on 19 December.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Australian federal election, 1931

Federal elections were held in Australia on 19 December 1931. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister of Australia James Scullin was defeated by the newly formed opposition United Australia Party--a merger of the Nationalist Party of Australia with several Labor dissidents led by Joseph Lyons, who became leader of the merged party. The UAP fought the election in the traditional non-Labor Coalition with the Country Party, led by Earle Page, but won enough seats to form a majority UAP government.

Australia

BBC World Service begins broadcasting as the BBC Empire Service

The BBC World Service is a British public service broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC. It is the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach. It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms, internet streaming, podcasting, satellite, DAB, FM, LW and MW relays.

1936 Darling Downs by-election

A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Darling Downs on 19 December 1936. This was triggered by the death of United Australia Party MP and former Speaker Sir Littleton Groom. The by-election was won by Country Party candidate and future Prime Minister Arthur Fadden.

1940 Finnish presidential election

Early and indirect presidential elections were held in Finland in 1940 after President Kyösti Kallio resigned on 27 November following a stroke on 27 August. The 1937 electoral college was recalled and elected Prime Minister Risto Ryti, who received 288 of the 300 votes. Most other Finnish politicians considered Ryti a principled, unselfish, intelligent and patriotic man, who could lead Finland effectively enough during World War II.

Finland

Raid on Alexandria (1941)

The Raid on Alexandria (Operazione EA 3) was carried out on 19 December 1941 by Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) divers of the Decima Flottiglia MAS (Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti), who attacked and severely damaged two Royal Navy battleships at their moorings and damaged an oil tanker and a destroyer in the harbour of Alexandria, Egypt, using Siluro Lenta Corsa, manned torpedoes.

Egypt

Guatemalan presidential election, 1944

Presidential elections were held in Guatemala between 17 and 19 December 1944. The result was a victory for Juan José Arévalo Bermejo, who received 86.25% of the vote.

Guatemala

Battle of Shaobo

The battle of Shaobo (邵伯战斗) took place in the Shaobo (邵伯) region in central Jiangsu, and it was a clash between the communists and the nationalists after World War II, and it is a prelude to Gaoyou Campaign. The battle resulted in communist victory was one of the Chinese Civil War in the immediate post World War II era.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

People's Republic of China

Gaoyou–Shaobo campaign

Gaoyou–Shaobo campaign was a campaign fought at the Gaoyou and the region between Gaoyou and Shaobo (邵伯) in Jiangsu, and it was a clash between the communists and the former nationalists turned Japanese puppet regime force who rejoined the nationalists after World War II, and their Japanese ally. The campaign is also known as Gaoyou campaign (高邮战役) for short, and it was one of the Chinese Civil War in the immediate post World War II era resulted in communist victory.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

People's Republic of China

John Amery, British Fascist, is executed at the age of 33 by the British Government for treason

John Amery (14 March 1912 – 19 December 1945) was a British fascist and Nazi collaborator during World War II. He was the originator of the British Free Corps, a volunteer Waffen-SS unit composed of former British and Dominion prisoners of war. Amery conducted recruitment efforts, and made propaganda broadcasts for Germany. He later gave direct support to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

The Battle of Hanoi begins

On December 19, 1946, Viet Minh forces detonated explosives at Hanoi’s power plant and attacked French positions in the city. The fighting marked the beginning of the Battle of Hanoi and the conventional start of the First Indochina War.

Vietnam

Operation Peristera

Operation Peristera (Greek: Επιχείρηση «Περιστερά», "dove" in Greek) was a military campaign for control of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Greek Civil War.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Madiun Affair

The Madiun Affair (Indonesian: Peristiwa Madiun, lit. 'Madiun Event'), also known as the 1948 PKI Rebellion (Pemberontakan PKI 1948) or the PKI Madiun Rebellion (Pemberontakan PKI Madiun), was an armed conflict between the Indonesian government and the left-wing People's Democratic Front (FDR), during the Indonesian National Revolution. The conflict began on September 18, 1948, in Madiun, East Java, and ended three months later when most FDR leaders and members were detained and executed by TNI forces.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

December 1949 Syrian coup d'état

The December 1949 Syrian coup d'état, also known as the Colonels' movement (Arabic: حركة العقداء) took place on 19 December 1949, marking the third and final military takeover in Syria that year. The movement was led by Colonel Adib Shishakli, who ended the 4-month rule of Sami al-Hinnawi, who had come to power in a previous coup in August.

Syria

Onehunga by-election, 1953

The Onehunga by-election 1953 was a by-election held in the Onehunga electorate in Auckland during the term of the 30th New Zealand Parliament, on 19 December 1953. The by-election was caused by the death of incumbent MP Arthur Osborne of the Labour Party on 15 November 1953. The by-election was won by Hugh Watt, also of the Labour Party.

New Zealand

1961 Sioux Falls mayoral recall election

The 1961 Sioux Falls mayoral recall election took place on December 19, 1961. Incumbent Mayor Fay Wheeldon faced a recall election over allegations that the city police department was badly run. Former Fire Department Chief V. L. Crusinberry challenged Wheeldon in the recall election and defeated him in a landslide, winning 72 percent of the vote.

South Dakota, United States

Operation Farm Gate

Farm Gate was the code name for a United States Air Force (USAF) mission operating in Vietnam before the overt US entry into the Vietnam War.

This entry records the event's start date, as given in the source infobox.

Indian annexation of Goa

The Indian annexation of Goa was the process in which the Republic of India annexed the Portuguese State of India, the then Portuguese Indian territories of Goa, Daman and Diu, starting with the armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "Liberation of Goa". In Portugal, it is referred to as the "Invasion of Goa".

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

December 1964 South Vietnamese coup

The December 1964 South Vietnamese coup took place before dawn on December 19, 1964, when the ruling military junta of South Vietnam led by General Nguyễn Khánh dissolved the High National Council (HNC) and arrested some of its members. The HNC was an unelected legislative-style civilian advisory body they had created at the request of the United States—South Vietnam's main sponsor—to give a veneer of civilian rule. The dissolution dismayed the Americans, particularly the ambassador, Maxwell D. Taylor, who engaged in an angry war of words with various generals including Khánh and threatened aid cuts.

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

1965 French presidential election

Presidential elections were held in France on 5 December 1965, with a second round on 19 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the Fifth Republic and the first since the Second Republic in 1848. It had been widely expected that incumbent president Charles de Gaulle would be re-elected, but the election was notable for the unexpectedly strong performance of his left-wing challenger and future president François Mitterrand.

This entry records the second round, as dated in the source infobox.

France

Zambian general election, 1968

General elections were held in Zambia on 19 December 1968 to elect the National Assembly and President. The first post-independence polls saw incumbent Kenneth Kaunda retain his post as president, whilst his United National Independence Party, the only party to field candidates in all 105 constituencies, won 81 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 82.5% in the parliamentary election, but 87.1% in the presidential election. The only other contestants in the National Assembly elections were the Zambian African National Congress (73 candidates), and three independents.

Zambia

Juicio Final (1969)

Juicio Final (1969) (Spanish for "Final Judgement" 1969) was a professional wrestling supercard show, scripted and produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on December 19, 1969, in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The show served as the year-end finale for CMLL before Arena México, CMLL's main venue, closed down for the winter for renovations and to host Circo Atayde.

Mexico City, Mexico

1971 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship final

The 1971 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship final was a hurling match played at St. Brendan's Park on 19 December 1971 to determine the winners of the 1970–71 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, the first season of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion clubs of the four provinces of Ireland.

Nelson Rockefeller is sworn in as U.S. vice president

On December 19, 1974, the U.S. House of Representatives confirmed Nelson Rockefeller as vice president. Later that day, he took the oath as the 41st vice president in the Senate Chamber. President Gerald Ford had nominated him under the Twenty-fifth Amendment after succeeding Richard Nixon; the Senate had confirmed Rockefeller on December 10.

The Senate confirmed Rockefeller on December 10; the House confirmed him and he was sworn in on December 19.

United States

Juicio Final (1976)

Juicio Final (1976) (Spanish for "Final Judgement" 1976) was a professional wrestling supercard show, scripted and produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on December 19, 1976, in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The show served as the year-end finale for CMLL before Arena México, CMLL's main venue, closed down for the winter for renovations and to host Circo Atayde.

Mexico City, Mexico

Penlee lifeboat disaster

The Penlee lifeboat disaster occurred on 19 December 1981 off the coast of Cornwall, England. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat Solomon Browne, based at the Penlee Lifeboat Station near Mousehole, went to the aid of the vessel Union Star after its engines failed in heavy seas. After the lifeboat had rescued four people, both vessels were lost with all hands.

England, United Kingdom

December 1982 Hamburg state election

An election was held in Hamburg on 19 December 1982. The Social Democratic Party won unexpectedly against the Christian Democratic Union.

Hamburg, Germany

Rwandan presidential election, 1983

Presidential elections were held in Rwanda on 19 December 1983. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the National Revolutionary Movement for Development the sole legal party. Its leader, incumbent President Juvénal Habyarimana, who had taken power in a coup in 1973, was the only candidate. The results showed 99.97% of votes in favour of his candidacy.

Rwanda

Signing of Sino-British Joint Declaration

The Sino-British Joint Declaration was a treaty signed in 1984 between the governments of China and the United Kingdom which set the conditions in which Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese control and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997.

Aeroflot Flight 101/435

Aeroflot Flight 101/435 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by its co-pilot, Shamil Alimuradov, on 19 December 1985, en route from Takhtamygda to Chita. Armed with a hatchet, Alimuradov demanded that captain Vyacheslav Abramyan divert the Antonov An-24 aircraft to China. Soviet officials authorized the crew to land in China, and gave Abramyan the radio frequency of Qiqihar Airport, but Alimuradov demanded that Abramayan fly to Hailar instead.

Evros River incident

The Evros River incident of 19 December 1986 was a skirmish between Greek and Turkish soldiers along the Evros river, near the town of Feres on the Greco-Turkish border. According to Greek reports, the incident began at 11:15 a.m, when a 3-man Hellenic Army patrol met with a Turkish Armed Forces patrol, along the Evros river border area. It is claimed that a Greek soldier, Pvt.

Feres, Evros, Greece

Jeltoqsan

The Jeltoqsan (Kazakh: Желтоқсан көтерілісі, romanized: Jeltoqsan köterılısı, lit. 'December uprising'), also spelled Zheltoksan, or December of 1986, were protests that took place in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, in response to CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his replacement with Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian from the Russian SFSR.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Rwandan presidential election, 1988

Presidential elections were held in Rwanda on 19 December 1988. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the National Revolutionary Movement for Development the sole legal party. Its leader, incumbent President Juvénal Habyarimana, who had taken power in a coup in 1973, was the only candidate. The results showed 99.98% of votes in favour of his candidacy, up from 99.97% in the 1983 election.

Rwanda

1988 Sri Lankan presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Sri Lanka on 19 December 1988. They were the second presidential elections held in the country's history. Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa of the governing United National Party was elected, receiving 50.4% of all votes cast and defeating both the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, former Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, and the Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya candidate, Ossie Abeygunasekera.

Sri Lanka

December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill

A leadership spill of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), the party of government in the Parliament of Australia, was held on 19 December 1991, the second spill in a year. Backbencher and former treasurer Paul Keating defeated Prime Minister Bob Hawke, who had led Labor for eight and a half years.

Marine Parade by-election, 1992

A by-election for the Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency in Singapore was held on 19 December 1992. The by-election was called after the resignation of all four MPs of the GRC from their seats, including then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The nomination day was held on 9 December 1992.

Singapore

1992 Taiwanese legislative election

Legislative elections were held in Taiwan on 19 December 1992.

Taiwan

Guinean presidential election, 1993

Presidential elections were held in Guinea on 19 December 1993. They were the first since the country returned to multi-party politics in 1990, and the first to feature more than one candidate. The result was a victory for Lansana Conté of the Party of Unity and Progress, who won 51.7% of the vote. Voter turnout was 78.5%.

Guinea

1994 Fianna Fáil leadership election

The 1994 Fianna Fáil leadership election began in November 1994, when Albert Reynolds resigned as party leader and Taoiseach. Reynolds had been party leader since February 1992 and had served as Taoiseach since then. His successor was elected by the members of the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party on 19 December 1994.

Djiboutian parliamentary election, 1997

Parliamentary elections were held in Djibouti on 19 December 1997. The Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy, which had boycotted the last election, ran joint candidates with the ruling People's Rally for Progress. Together, they won all 65 seats in the National Assembly, with the PRP taking 54 and the FRUD 11. Voter turnout was 56.7%.

Djibouti

SilkAir Flight 185

SilkAir Flight 185 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-300 from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, Indonesia to Changi Airport in Singapore that crashed into the Musi River near Palembang, Sumatra, on 19 December 1997, killing all 97 passengers and 7 crew members on board. The investigation into the cause of the crash was led by investigators from the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), who were joined by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

Indonesia

Titanic, the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time with a worldwide total of more than US$2.2 billion, was released in the United States

Titanic is a 1997 American epic historical romance film written and directed by James Cameron. Incorporating both historical and fictional aspects, it is based on accounts of the sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912. Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet star as members of different social classes who fall in love during the ship's ill-fated maiden voyage.

Arena Naucalpan 22nd Anniversary Show

The Arena Naucalpan 22nd Anniversary Show was a major annual professional wrestling event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on December 19, 1999 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. As the name implies the show celebrated the 22nd Anniversary of the construction of Arena Naucalpan, IWRG's main venue in 1977. The show is IWRG's longest running show, predating IWRG being founded in 1996 and is the fourth oldest, still held annual show in professional wrestling. The main event of the show featured the "Millenium Cup" finals celebrating the imminent turn of the millennium.

Naucalpan, Mexico · State of Mexico, Mexico

Starrcade (1999)

Starrcade (1999) was the seventeenth annual Starrcade professional wrestling pay-per-view event. It was the twelfth Starrcade event produced by World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and it took place on December 19, 1999 from the MCI Center in Washington, D.C. The main event was between Bret Hart and Goldberg for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. The match was notable for a concussion Hart sustained, which ultimately led to his retirement in 2000. After Hart won the title at the Mayhem event, Goldberg challenged Hart to a match for the title. The match ended in a screwjob, with Goldberg losing unfairly.

Washington, D.C., United States

STS-103

STS-103, the 96th launch of the Space Shuttle and the 27th launch of Space Shuttle Discovery, was Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 3A ('SM3A'). It launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 19 December 1999 and returned on 27 December 1999 and was the last Shuttle mission of the 1990s. It was the only mission to span Christmas after being delayed by 13 days for technical and weather reasons.

1999 Russian legislative election

Legislative elections were held in Russia on 19 December 1999 to elect the 450 seats in the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. Like in the previous elections in 1995, the electoral system resulted in many parties competing for the proportional seats and a significant number of independent deputies elected.

Russia

1999 Moscow mayoral election

The 1999 Moscow mayoral election was an election that took place on December 19, 1999, in the city of Moscow to the Mayor of Moscow. According to the results, the tandem of incumbent mayor Yuri Luzhkov and Valery Shantsev (for the post of vice-mayor) won in the first round with 69.9% of the votes.

South Korean presidential election, 2002

The 16th South Korean Presidential Election took place on 19 December 2002. The election was won by Roh Moo-Hyun of the ruling Millennium Democratic Party, who defeated Lee Hoi-chang of the Grand National Party by just over half a million votes.

South Korea

Arena Naucalpan 27th Anniversary Show

The Arena Naucalpan 27st Anniversary Show was a major annual professional wrestling event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on December 19, 2004 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. As the name implies the show celebrated the 27th Anniversary of the construction of Arena Naucalpan, IWRG's main venue in 1977. The show is IWRG's longest running show, predating IWRG being founded in 1996 and is the fourth oldest, still held, annual show in professional wrestling. In the main event Japanese wrestler MAZADA faced off against the Mexican Dr.

Naucalpan, Mexico · State of Mexico, Mexico

2005 Świnna rail crash

The Świnna rail crash, also known as Jeleśnia runaway train, was a runaway train accident involving two passenger trains on Skawina – Żywiec railway line 97 in Poland on 19 December 2005. The brakes in a passenger train running from Sucha Beskidzka to Żywiec stopped operating after it entered the steep sloped section of line, reaching speed of 90 km/h and creating the threat of head-on collision with another passenger train, going in opposite direction from Żywiec to Sucha Beskidzka.

Poland

Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101

Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101 was an aircraft that crashed off Miami Beach, Florida, in the United States on December 19, 2005. All 18 passengers and both of the crew members on board the 1947 Grumman G-73T Turbo Mallard died in the crash, which was attributed to metal fatigue on the starboard wing resulting in separation of the wing from the fuselage.

Florida, United States

2005 Likud leadership election

A leadership election was held by Likud on 19 December 2005. Former Prime Minister and party leader Benjamin Netanyahu defeated Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Silvan Shalom, as well as candidates Moshe Feiglin and Israel Katz. Likud's previous leader, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, initially sought re-election as party leader, and was challenged by Netanyahu and Uzi Landau over Sharon's planned disengagement from the Gaza Strip.

Israel

South Korean presidential election, 2007

The 17th South Korean presidential election took place on 19 December 2007. The election was won by Lee Myung-bak of the Grand National Party, returning conservatives to the Blue House for the first time in ten years. Lee defeated United New Democratic Party candidate Chung Dong-young and independent candidate Lee Hoi-chang by the largest margin since direct elections were reintroduced in 1987. It also marked the first time a president-elect in Korea was under investigation by a prosecutor. Voter turnout was 63.0%, an all-time low according to the National Election Commission.

South Korea

2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

Elections to the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly were held in December 2007, to elect members of the 68 constituencies in Himachal Pradesh, India. The Bharatiya Janata Party won a majority of seats as well as the popular vote, and Prem Kumar Dhumal was reappointed as the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. The number of constituencies were set as 68, as per the recommendations of The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

India

Arena Naucalpan 31st Anniversary Show

The Arena Naucalpan 31st Anniversary Show was a major annual professional wrestling event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on December 19, 2008 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. As the name implies the show celebrated the 31st Anniversary of the construction of Arena Naucalpan, IWRG's main venue in 1977. The show is IWRG's longest running show, predating IWRG being founded in 1996 and is the fourth oldest, still held annual show in professional wrestling.

Naucalpan, Mexico · State of Mexico, Mexico

Final Battle 2009

Final Battle 2009 was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by Ring of Honor (ROH), which was only available online. It took place on December 19, 2009 from the Manhattan Center in New York City. Nine matches were aired live from the show, and a bonus match aired during the intermission. It was the seventh annual event in the Final Battle chronology, with the first taking place in 2002. It was the first ROH event to be shown as an online pay-per-view, and the first to be aired live.

New York City, United States

Strikeforce: Evolution

Strikeforce: Evolution was a mixed martial arts event to be held by the Strikeforce on December 19, 2009 in San Jose, California at the HP Pavilion at San Jose. The event aired live on Showtime in the US, and live on SuperChannel in Canada.

California, United States

2009 W-League grand final (December)

The 2009 W-League grand final was the grand final of the second season of the Australian W-League football (soccer) competition. It was contested between premiers Sydney FC and third-placed Brisbane Roar at Toyota Stadium in Sydney on Saturday, 19 December 2009. Sydney FC became the second W-League champions after defeating the Brisbane Roar 3–2.

Sydney, Australia

WEC 45

WEC 45: Cerrone vs. Ratcliff was a mixed martial arts event held by World Extreme Cagefighting that took place on December 19, 2009 at The Pearl at The Palms in Las Vegas. It marked the first time the WEC has held back-to-back events at The Pearl at The Palms. The event drew an estimated 330,000 viewers on Versus.

Las Vegas, United States

2009 FIFA Club World Cup final

The 2009 FIFA Club World Cup final was the final match of the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, a football tournament for the champion clubs from each of FIFA's six continental confederations. The match took place at the Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, on 19 December 2009, and pitted Estudiantes de La Plata of Argentina, the CONMEBOL club champions, against Barcelona of Spain, the UEFA club champions.

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2010)

TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs (2010) was the second annual TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was presented by THQ's WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2011 and took place on December 19, 2010, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. Seven matches were contested at the event. The main event saw John Cena defeat Wade Barrett in a Chairs match.The event also saw the first ever Divas Table match between the WWE Divas Champion Natalya & Beth Phoenix against Michelle McCool & Layla.

Houston, United States · Texas, United States

Democratic Party (HK) leadership election, 2010

The Democratic Party leadership election was held on 19 December 2010 for the leadership including chairman, two vice-chairman pots and 27 members of the 9th Central Committee of the Democratic Party in Hong Kong. The incumbent Chairman Albert Ho, Vice-Chairmen Emily Lau and Sin Chung-kai were all re-elected uncontestedly.

Hong Kong

South Korean presidential election, 2012

The 18th South Korean presidential election was held in South Korea on 19 December 2012. It was the sixth presidential election since democratization and the establishment of the Sixth Republic, and was held under a first-past-the-post system, in which there was a single round of voting and the candidate receiving the highest number of votes was elected. Under the South Korean constitution, presidents are restricted to a single five-year term in office. The term of incumbent president Lee Myung-bak has ended on 24 February 2013. According to the Korea Times, 30.7 million people voted with turnout at 75.8%.

South Korea

2012 National People's Congress election in Hong Kong

The election for the Hong Kong deputies to the 12th National People's Congress (NPC) was held on 19 December 2012. 36 Hong Kong deputies were elected by an electoral college composed of 1,621 members.

Hong Kong

Arena Naucalpan 36th Anniversary Show

The Arena Naucalpan 36th Anniversary Show was a major annual professional wrestling event produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on December 19, 2013 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. As the name implies the show celebrated the 36th Anniversary of the construction of Arena Naucalpan, IWRG's main venue in 1977. The show is IWRG's longest running show, predating IWRG being founded in 1996 and is the fourth oldest, still held, annual show in professional wrestling.

Naucalpan, Mexico · State of Mexico, Mexico

Gaia launches from French Guiana

On December 19, 2013, the European Space Agency’s Gaia spacecraft launched from Kourou in French Guiana aboard a Soyuz-Fregat rocket, beginning its mission to map the stars.

French Guiana

UFC on Fox: dos Anjos vs. Cowboy 2

UFC on Fox: dos Anjos vs. Cowboy 2 (also known as UFC on Fox 17) was a mixed martial arts event held on December 19, 2015, at the Amway Center in Orlando, Florida.

2016 Berlin truck attack

On 19 December 2016, a truck was deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin, leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured. One of the victims was the truck's original driver, Łukasz Urban, who was shot dead hours before the attack. The truck was eventually stopped by its automatic brakes.

Germany

Assassination of Andrei Karlov

Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, was assassinated by Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş, an off-duty Turkish police officer, at an art exhibition in Ankara, Turkey, on the evening of 19 December 2016. The assassination took place after several days of protests in Turkey over Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War and the battle over Aleppo.

Turkey

2017 National People's Congress election in Hong Kong

The election for the Hong Kong deputies to the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) was held on 19 December 2017. 36 Hong Kong deputies were elected by an electoral college composed of 1,989 members.

Hong Kong

Insurgency in the North Caucasus

The insurgency in the North Caucasus was a low-level armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with the Caucasus Emirate and, from June 2015, the Islamic State, in the North Caucasus. It followed the (Russian-proclaimed) official end of the decade-long Second Chechen War on 16 April 2009. It attracted volunteers from the MENA region, Western Europe, and Central Asia.

This entry records the event's end date, as given in the source infobox.

Russia

Battle of Saddada Castle

The Battle of Saddada Castle was fought between the Libyan National Army, and the Sirte Protection Force and the Benghazi Defense Brigades on 19 December 2018, which took place in Saddada Castle, between Misrata and Bani Walid. After brief clashes inside the castle, the LNA captured the site. The Sirte Protection Force denied losing the town. The battle followed a series of LNA advances in Misrata Province earlier that week.

Libya

Battle of Abanguilou

The battle of Abanguilou took place on December 19, 2018, between the Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MSA) and their French allies against the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS).

Mali

2018 Malagasy presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Madagascar on 7 November 2018. As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round involving the top two candidates, Andry Rajoelina and Marc Ravalomanana, was held on 19 December. On 27 December Rajoelina was announced as the winner with 56% of the vote.

This entry records the second round, as dated in the source infobox.

Madagascar

Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)

The 2019–2020 northwestern Syria offensive, codenamed "Dawn of Idlib 2," was a military operation launched by the armed forces of the Syrian Arab Republic, Russia, Iran, Hezbollah and other allied militias against Syrian opposition and allied fighters of the Syrian National Army, Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, Rouse the Believers Operations Room, the Turkistan Islamic Party, and other rebels during the Syrian civil war. The offensive began on 19 December 2019 and saw Russian-backed pro-Syrian government forces clash with Turkish-backed opposition groups along with leaving 980,000 civilians displaced.

Syria

Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)

The Idlib demilitarization was an agreement between Turkey and Russia to create a demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Syria's rebel-held Idlib Governorate, to be patrolled by military forces from Russia and Turkey. On 17 September 2018, the Russian president Vladimir Putin and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, reached an agreement to create a buffer zone in Idlib.

This entry records the listed event date, as dated in the source infobox.

Syria

2020 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The 2020 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was a Gaelic football match played at Croke Park in Dublin on 19 December 2020 between Dublin and Mayo, the culmination of the 2020 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. It was the 133rd final of that sport's primary competition, the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

Dublin, Ireland

UFC Fight Night: Thompson vs. Neal

UFC Fight Night: Thompson vs. Neal (also known as UFC Fight Night 183, UFC on ESPN+ 41 and UFC Vegas 17) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on December 19, 2020 at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.

Nevada, United States

2020 AFC Champions League final

The 2020 AFC Champions League final was the final of the 2020 AFC Champions League, the 39th edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the 18th under the AFC Champions League title. The final was contested as a single match between Persepolis from Iran and Ulsan Hyundai from South Korea.

2021–22 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa local elections

The 2021-22 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa local elections were held in 17 districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan on 19 December 2021 and 31 March 2022. In the first phase of the election, the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (JUI(F)) won 23 tehsil chairman positions while the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) won 16 tehsil chairman positions. In the second phase, the PTI won 29 tehsils while the JUI(F) won 12 tehsils.

Pakistan

2021 Scottish League Cup final (December)

The 2021–22 Scottish League Cup final was an association football match that took place at Hampden Park, Glasgow on 19 December 2021. It was the final match of the 2021–22 Scottish League Cup, the 76th season of the Scottish League Cup (known as the Premier Sports Cup for sponsorship reasons), a competition for the 42 teams in the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL).

Glasgow, United Kingdom

2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election

The 2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election was held on 19 December 2021 to elect 144 members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) which governs Kolkata, the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. A total of 40,48,357 electors were eligible to vote in the election. The results were announced on 21 December. The All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) won the election by an overwhelming majority and captured 134 out of 144 wards.

India

2021 Hong Kong legislative election

The 2021 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was a general election held on 19 December 2021 for the 7th Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Under the drastic Beijing-imposed electoral overhaul, the composition of the council was altered to reduce and limit popular representation along with ensuring a pro-Beijing majority.

Hong Kong

2021 Emperor's Cup final

The 2021 Emperor's Cup final was the final of the 2021 Emperor's Cup, the 92nd edition of the Emperor's Cup. The match was contested at the Japan National Stadium in Tokyo.

Japan